Nurs 2873 Exam 1 Guide With
Complete Solution
Cerebrum
Composed of the R and L brain hemispheres divided into 4 lobes.
Frontal Lobe
controls higher cognitive function, memory retention, voluntary eye
movements, voluntary motor movement, and motor functions involved in
speech production (Broca area).
Temporal Lobe
integrates somatic, visual, and auditory data. It contains Wernicke receptive
speech area
Parietal Lobe
interprets spatial information. It contains the sensory cortex.
Occipital Lobe
processing of sight
Brainstem
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla;
•Ascending and descending fibers receive and pass on information too/from
CNS
,•Cranial nerves III to XII
•Reticular formation
•Vital centers concerned with respiratory, vasomotor, and heart functions
Cerebellum
Voluntary movement, trunk stability, and equillibrium
Thalamus
•Major relay center for sensory input from the body, face, retina, cochlear,
and taste receptors
•Connect cerebellum and basal ganglia to frontal cortex
Limbic System
Concerned with emotion, aggression, feeding behavior, and sexual response
Hypothalamus
•Directly influences the release and transport of hormones from the anterior
pituitary gland
•Satiety center and appetite
•Body temperature
•Water balance
•Circadian rhythm
•Expression of emotion
Ventricles
,•Four interconnected, fluid-filled cavities
•Lower part of fourth ventricle becomes central canal
Cerebrospinal Fluid
•Subarachnoid space in brain, brainstem, spinal cord
•Cushions, fluid shifts, carries nutrients
Basal Ganglia
found in the cerebrum and midbrain; initiation, execution, andCompletion of
Voluntary movement, learning, emotional response, andautomatic
movements (swallowing saliva, blinking, swinging arms while walking).
Primary Brain Injury
occurs at the initial time of an injury (e.g., impact of car accident, blunt-force
trauma). It results in displacement, bruising, or damage to any cranial
component (brain tissue, blood, CSF).
Secondary Brain Injury
the resulting hypoxia, ischemia, hypotension, edema, or increased ICP that
follows the primary injury. Secondary injury can occur several hours to days
after the initial injury. It is the modifiable concern when managing brain
injury.
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
the hydrostatic force measured in the brain CSF compartment.
Normal: 5-15
sustained of greater than 20 is abnormal
, Factors that Influence ICP
(1) arterial pressure, (2) venous pressure, (3) intraabdominal and
intrathoracic pressure, (4) posture, (5) temperature, and (6) blood gases,
especially CO2 levels.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
the pressure needed to ensure blood flow to the brain
-equal to the MAP minus the ICP
Increased ICP
-decreases CPP and increases risk for Brain Ischemia/Infarction
Causes of Increased ICP
Cerebral Edema:from brain tumors, hydrocephalus, head injury, brain
inflammation).
Cerebral Infections (meningitis, encephalitis)
Head Injuries/Brain Surgery
Mass Lesions: Tumor, etc
Toxic/Metabolic Encephalopathies: Hepatic, uremia, etc
Vascular Insult: ie, ischemic Stroke
Manifestations of Increased ICP
-Vary depending on areas involved; any person who experiences an acute
change in LOC should be assessed for Increased ICP
Changes in LOC
Complete Solution
Cerebrum
Composed of the R and L brain hemispheres divided into 4 lobes.
Frontal Lobe
controls higher cognitive function, memory retention, voluntary eye
movements, voluntary motor movement, and motor functions involved in
speech production (Broca area).
Temporal Lobe
integrates somatic, visual, and auditory data. It contains Wernicke receptive
speech area
Parietal Lobe
interprets spatial information. It contains the sensory cortex.
Occipital Lobe
processing of sight
Brainstem
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla;
•Ascending and descending fibers receive and pass on information too/from
CNS
,•Cranial nerves III to XII
•Reticular formation
•Vital centers concerned with respiratory, vasomotor, and heart functions
Cerebellum
Voluntary movement, trunk stability, and equillibrium
Thalamus
•Major relay center for sensory input from the body, face, retina, cochlear,
and taste receptors
•Connect cerebellum and basal ganglia to frontal cortex
Limbic System
Concerned with emotion, aggression, feeding behavior, and sexual response
Hypothalamus
•Directly influences the release and transport of hormones from the anterior
pituitary gland
•Satiety center and appetite
•Body temperature
•Water balance
•Circadian rhythm
•Expression of emotion
Ventricles
,•Four interconnected, fluid-filled cavities
•Lower part of fourth ventricle becomes central canal
Cerebrospinal Fluid
•Subarachnoid space in brain, brainstem, spinal cord
•Cushions, fluid shifts, carries nutrients
Basal Ganglia
found in the cerebrum and midbrain; initiation, execution, andCompletion of
Voluntary movement, learning, emotional response, andautomatic
movements (swallowing saliva, blinking, swinging arms while walking).
Primary Brain Injury
occurs at the initial time of an injury (e.g., impact of car accident, blunt-force
trauma). It results in displacement, bruising, or damage to any cranial
component (brain tissue, blood, CSF).
Secondary Brain Injury
the resulting hypoxia, ischemia, hypotension, edema, or increased ICP that
follows the primary injury. Secondary injury can occur several hours to days
after the initial injury. It is the modifiable concern when managing brain
injury.
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
the hydrostatic force measured in the brain CSF compartment.
Normal: 5-15
sustained of greater than 20 is abnormal
, Factors that Influence ICP
(1) arterial pressure, (2) venous pressure, (3) intraabdominal and
intrathoracic pressure, (4) posture, (5) temperature, and (6) blood gases,
especially CO2 levels.
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
the pressure needed to ensure blood flow to the brain
-equal to the MAP minus the ICP
Increased ICP
-decreases CPP and increases risk for Brain Ischemia/Infarction
Causes of Increased ICP
Cerebral Edema:from brain tumors, hydrocephalus, head injury, brain
inflammation).
Cerebral Infections (meningitis, encephalitis)
Head Injuries/Brain Surgery
Mass Lesions: Tumor, etc
Toxic/Metabolic Encephalopathies: Hepatic, uremia, etc
Vascular Insult: ie, ischemic Stroke
Manifestations of Increased ICP
-Vary depending on areas involved; any person who experiences an acute
change in LOC should be assessed for Increased ICP
Changes in LOC
