FMST 210 Final Exam With Correct
Detailed Answers.
psychoanalytic theory - ANSWER- - development and behaviour are the result of
interplay of inner drives, memories and conflict we are unaware of and cannot control
- looks at the inner forces that influence our behaviour and thought throughout our lives
- behaviour is internally motivated
- often these are things we aren't aware of yet still control the things we do and the way
we interact with people
behaviourist - operant conditioning - ANSWER- behaviour becomes more or less
probable depending on its consequences (rewards and consequences)
behaviourist - social learning theory - ANSWER- people actively process information
and their thought and feelings influence their behaviour
- learn from what's going on in your environment but also thinking about what you're
learning and have feelings about what you're learning which collectively influences your
behaviour
cognitive theories - ANSWER- - development and behaviour are the result of thought or
cognition
- motivated by how we think about things and how we understand things
sociocultural systems theory - ANSWER- - emphasizes the role of sociocultural context
in development
- looks at where you are physically in developing and how that might affect you
- people are inseparable from their cultural beliefs and societal, neighbourhood, and
familial contexts in which they live
- behaviour motivated by the multiple environments in which we exist (direct and
indirect)
dominant-recessive genetic inheritance - ANSWER- - dominant: some genes are
always expressed regardless of the gene it is paired with (i.e., dark hair, brown eyes)
- recessive: some genes are recess and are expressed only if paired with another
recessive gene (i.e., red hair, blue eyes)
maternal characteristics and behaviour - ANSWER- - age: women who give birth over
35, especially over 40, at greater risk for pregnancy and birth complications. more
vulnerable to pregnancy-related illnesses and increased risks to newborns. increased
risk of having child with Down syndrome
- nutrition: need 2000-3000 calories to sustain pregnancy. dietary supplements can help
reduce many problems. inadequate consumption of folic acid can result in spina bifida
or anencephaly
, - emotional well-being: if under high stress, more likely to have baby that's low birth
weight, premature, and requires longer hospital stay after birth. stress hormones cross
over placenta raising fetal HR and activity level - long term effects on child include
anxiety, ADHD, aggression. social support can mitigate effects of stress on pregnancy
and infant care
- prenatal care
contextual influences on pubertal timing - ANSWER- - nutrition (especially for females) -
need to reach certain % of fat to trigger menarche
- stress: exposure to stress is linked to easier onset of puberty. sexual abuse, poor
family relationships, harsh parenting, family conflict, anxiety
- SES: poor families linked with earlier onset of puberty particularly in girls (i.e., poor
nutrition, leading to obesity, therefore earlier menarche)
psychological effects of early and late puberty - ANSWER- - off-timed puberty: either
entering or going through puberty earlier or later than most of their peers. typically
linked with general anxiety depressed mood, etc.
- early = before 8 (girls) or 9 (boys)
- late = after 13 (girls) or (14 boys)
- adolescents who look older are more likely to be treated in ways similar to older
adolescents, which may be perceived as stressful
- early maturation linked with more problems that late maturation (more problematic for
girls).
- Girls early: feel less positive about body, physical appearance, and menstruation. at
risk for anxiety, depression, low self-esteem. often popular but more likely to be victims
of rumours spreading and sexual harassment
- early maturing boys tend to be popular, athletic, leaders, confident. more likely to
experience depression and anxiety - due to judging peer relationships as stressful
- contextual factors influencing the effects of pubertal timing - especially if early: early
maturing tend to seek relationships with older peers - more likely to engage in age-
inappropriate behaviours
- those who mature early or late more likely to show anxiety and depressed mood in late
adolescents
- late maturing girls: protective factor against depression
- late maturing boys: more social and emotional difficulties - less well-liked, poor body
image, body dissatisfaction, depression (declines with physical maturation)
risk factors for child maltreatment - parent characteristics - ANSWER- - don't have
knowledge of standard child development - have unrealistic expectations for their child's
behaviour and when children don't behave according to their expectation, get frustrated
- if don't have good problem solving skills, good coping-skills, good impulse control, and
don't understand what child is doing = recipe for child maltreatment
- parents living in poverty, experiencing marital instability, drug/alcohol abuse at higher
risk for abusing their children
Detailed Answers.
psychoanalytic theory - ANSWER- - development and behaviour are the result of
interplay of inner drives, memories and conflict we are unaware of and cannot control
- looks at the inner forces that influence our behaviour and thought throughout our lives
- behaviour is internally motivated
- often these are things we aren't aware of yet still control the things we do and the way
we interact with people
behaviourist - operant conditioning - ANSWER- behaviour becomes more or less
probable depending on its consequences (rewards and consequences)
behaviourist - social learning theory - ANSWER- people actively process information
and their thought and feelings influence their behaviour
- learn from what's going on in your environment but also thinking about what you're
learning and have feelings about what you're learning which collectively influences your
behaviour
cognitive theories - ANSWER- - development and behaviour are the result of thought or
cognition
- motivated by how we think about things and how we understand things
sociocultural systems theory - ANSWER- - emphasizes the role of sociocultural context
in development
- looks at where you are physically in developing and how that might affect you
- people are inseparable from their cultural beliefs and societal, neighbourhood, and
familial contexts in which they live
- behaviour motivated by the multiple environments in which we exist (direct and
indirect)
dominant-recessive genetic inheritance - ANSWER- - dominant: some genes are
always expressed regardless of the gene it is paired with (i.e., dark hair, brown eyes)
- recessive: some genes are recess and are expressed only if paired with another
recessive gene (i.e., red hair, blue eyes)
maternal characteristics and behaviour - ANSWER- - age: women who give birth over
35, especially over 40, at greater risk for pregnancy and birth complications. more
vulnerable to pregnancy-related illnesses and increased risks to newborns. increased
risk of having child with Down syndrome
- nutrition: need 2000-3000 calories to sustain pregnancy. dietary supplements can help
reduce many problems. inadequate consumption of folic acid can result in spina bifida
or anencephaly
, - emotional well-being: if under high stress, more likely to have baby that's low birth
weight, premature, and requires longer hospital stay after birth. stress hormones cross
over placenta raising fetal HR and activity level - long term effects on child include
anxiety, ADHD, aggression. social support can mitigate effects of stress on pregnancy
and infant care
- prenatal care
contextual influences on pubertal timing - ANSWER- - nutrition (especially for females) -
need to reach certain % of fat to trigger menarche
- stress: exposure to stress is linked to easier onset of puberty. sexual abuse, poor
family relationships, harsh parenting, family conflict, anxiety
- SES: poor families linked with earlier onset of puberty particularly in girls (i.e., poor
nutrition, leading to obesity, therefore earlier menarche)
psychological effects of early and late puberty - ANSWER- - off-timed puberty: either
entering or going through puberty earlier or later than most of their peers. typically
linked with general anxiety depressed mood, etc.
- early = before 8 (girls) or 9 (boys)
- late = after 13 (girls) or (14 boys)
- adolescents who look older are more likely to be treated in ways similar to older
adolescents, which may be perceived as stressful
- early maturation linked with more problems that late maturation (more problematic for
girls).
- Girls early: feel less positive about body, physical appearance, and menstruation. at
risk for anxiety, depression, low self-esteem. often popular but more likely to be victims
of rumours spreading and sexual harassment
- early maturing boys tend to be popular, athletic, leaders, confident. more likely to
experience depression and anxiety - due to judging peer relationships as stressful
- contextual factors influencing the effects of pubertal timing - especially if early: early
maturing tend to seek relationships with older peers - more likely to engage in age-
inappropriate behaviours
- those who mature early or late more likely to show anxiety and depressed mood in late
adolescents
- late maturing girls: protective factor against depression
- late maturing boys: more social and emotional difficulties - less well-liked, poor body
image, body dissatisfaction, depression (declines with physical maturation)
risk factors for child maltreatment - parent characteristics - ANSWER- - don't have
knowledge of standard child development - have unrealistic expectations for their child's
behaviour and when children don't behave according to their expectation, get frustrated
- if don't have good problem solving skills, good coping-skills, good impulse control, and
don't understand what child is doing = recipe for child maltreatment
- parents living in poverty, experiencing marital instability, drug/alcohol abuse at higher
risk for abusing their children
