BIO 205 Arizona College of Nursing
Spring 2022 Module 1 Graded A+
What key role does the microbiome play in the human body?
✔✔The microbiome helps in digestion, supports immune function, and protects against harmful
pathogens.
How does inflammation serve as a defense mechanism?
✔✔Inflammation helps isolate and destroy harmful agents, promoting tissue repair and healing.
What are the distinguishing features of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
✔✔Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers and retain purple dye, while gram-
negative bacteria have thin layers and turn pink.
How do antibiotics target bacterial cells without harming human cells?
✔✔Antibiotics target structures or processes specific to bacteria, such as cell walls or ribosomes,
which human cells lack.
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
1
, ✔✔Macrophages engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and other debris in a process called
phagocytosis.
How do vaccines help protect against infectious diseases?
✔✔Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and remember pathogens, allowing
faster and stronger responses to future infections.
Why are biofilms important in microbiology?
✔✔Biofilms are clusters of bacteria that adhere to surfaces, often resistant to antibiotics, making
infections harder to treat.
What is the function of bacterial plasmids?
✔✔Plasmids carry extra genetic information that can provide advantages, such as antibiotic
resistance.
How does horizontal gene transfer contribute to bacterial evolution?
✔✔Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to share genetic material, enabling rapid adaptation
and evolution.
2
Spring 2022 Module 1 Graded A+
What key role does the microbiome play in the human body?
✔✔The microbiome helps in digestion, supports immune function, and protects against harmful
pathogens.
How does inflammation serve as a defense mechanism?
✔✔Inflammation helps isolate and destroy harmful agents, promoting tissue repair and healing.
What are the distinguishing features of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?
✔✔Gram-positive bacteria have thick peptidoglycan layers and retain purple dye, while gram-
negative bacteria have thin layers and turn pink.
How do antibiotics target bacterial cells without harming human cells?
✔✔Antibiotics target structures or processes specific to bacteria, such as cell walls or ribosomes,
which human cells lack.
What is the role of macrophages in the immune response?
1
, ✔✔Macrophages engulf and digest pathogens, dead cells, and other debris in a process called
phagocytosis.
How do vaccines help protect against infectious diseases?
✔✔Vaccines stimulate the immune system to recognize and remember pathogens, allowing
faster and stronger responses to future infections.
Why are biofilms important in microbiology?
✔✔Biofilms are clusters of bacteria that adhere to surfaces, often resistant to antibiotics, making
infections harder to treat.
What is the function of bacterial plasmids?
✔✔Plasmids carry extra genetic information that can provide advantages, such as antibiotic
resistance.
How does horizontal gene transfer contribute to bacterial evolution?
✔✔Horizontal gene transfer allows bacteria to share genetic material, enabling rapid adaptation
and evolution.
2
