MNE SDL - Micronutrients Review Exam Solution Manual Already Passed

MNE SDL - Micronutrients Review Exam Solution Manual Already Passed This vitamin has stores that last only a few days. - Answers Vitamin K These vitamins are stored extensively in the body. - Answers Vitamins A, D, and E These vitamins have to be absorbed with micelles. - Answers Vitamins A, D, E, and K What can limit the absorption of fat soluble vitamins? - Answers Maldigestion or absence of fat in a meal This vitamin is needed for vision, immune function, and growth. - Answers Vitamin A Which is more dangerous in excess, consumption of Vitamin A through retinol or as pro-vitamin carotenoids? - Answers Retinol This vitamin is needed for growth regulation, immune function, calcium absorption, and bone health. - Answers Vitamin D This vitamin is consumed with fish or fortified foods, produced in sun-exposed skin. - Answers Vitamin D This vitamin is a critical antioxidant. - Answers Vitamin E This vitamin is consumed in fatty foods, mainly those with seed oils. - Answers Vitamin E Which is more dangerous in excess, consumption of Vitamin E through seed oils, or supplements? - Answers Supplements This vitamin is needed for bone and vascular health. - Answers Vitamin K This vitamin is consumed mainly with dark-green vegetables. - Answers Vitamin K What happens in patients with Vitamin A deficiency? - Answers Visual impairment and changes to eye morphology, loss of appetite, and susceptibility to infection. Very common in children in underdeveloped countries. What happens in patients who take Vitamin A in excess? - Answers This occurs with ingestion of Retinol only: Liver and bone damage, headaches, vomiting, dry mucous membranes. Vitamin A in retinol also has a mutagenic potential during early pregnancy. Sources of Vitamin A? - Answers In Plants: Sweet potatoes, carrots, green leafy vegetables In Animals: Eggs, cheese, and milk Biological activity of Vitamin A - Answers Control of cell growth (retinol metabolites), vision, and regulation of gene expression Sources of Vitamin D? - Answers UV-B light, fortified milk, fish, eggs, infant formula Biological activity of Vitamin D? - Answers Major function is to maintain serum calcium and phosphorous levels by enhancing their absorption. What happens to patients with a Vitamin D deficiency? - Answers Rickets, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, lax muscles, risk of falls, diminished calcium absorption and retention, cancer. What happens to patients who take Vitamin D in excess? - Answers May cause brain damage in young infants, calcification of the arteries and other soft tissues. What happens to patients with a Vitamin E deficiency? - Answers Peripheral neuropathy, hemolysis. Very uncommon due to wide availability. What happens to patients who take Vitamin E in excess? - Answers Increase risk of death from bleeding and hemorrhagic stroke. Biological activity of Vitamin E? - Answers Inactivates oxygen free radicals in membranes, lipoproteins, and other lipid rich compartments. Possibly plays a specific role in fertility. Sources of Vitamin E? - Answers Vegetable oils, nuts and seeds, margarine Forms of Vitamin E? - Answers Natural form: RRR-alpha-tocopherol Synthetic Form: Contains equal amounts of 8 sterioisomers; only half are highly available biologically. What happens to patients with a Vitamin K deficiency? - Answers Prolonged bleeding time/bleeding episodes. (Serves as a cofactor in blood coagulation) What happens to patients who take Vitamin K in excess? - Answers No adverse effects have been reported, though it may interfere with anticoagulant medication. Sources of Vitamin K? - Answers Cooked greens, green vegetables, canola & soybean oil, intestinal bacteria Biological activity of Vitamin K? - Answers Important cofactor in blood coagulation, coenzyme in synthesis of proteins involved in bone mineralization, several proteins involved in control of arterial calcification are vitamin K-dependent. These water soluble vitamins are essential for fuel metabolism. - Answers Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (B3), Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine), pantothenate, and biotin. This vitamin is an enzyme cofactor, an antioxidant, and regenerates Vitamin E. - Answers Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) This vitamin is involved in DNA synthesis and one-carbon transfers. - Answers Folate This vitamin is required for transamination of amino acids and for the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine. - Answers Vitamin B6 This vitamin is required for conversion of homocysteine to methionine. - Answers Vitamin B12 What happens to patients with a Vitamin C deficiency? - Answers Poor wound healing, bleeding of the gums, perifollicular petechia, cork-screw body hair, fatigue, pain, and death. What happens to patients who take Vitamin C in excess? - Answers Osmotic diarrhea, gastrointestinal disturbances, and kidney stones (oxalate). Sources of Vitamin C? - Answers Fruits and vegetables. Biological activity of Vitamin C? - Answers Metabolism of amino acids, epinephrine, thyroxin. Formation of bones and teeth. Collagen formation (skin integrity through proline and lysine hydroxylation). Protects cell membrane from free radical damage. Sources of Folate? - Answers Green leafy vegetables, orange juice and citrus fruits, legumes, fortified grains. Biological activity of Folate? - Answers DNA synthesis; one-carbon transfers (amino acid metabolism, and choline, serotonin and epinephrine synthesis). What happens to patients with a Folate deficiency? - Answers Anemia, homocysteinemia (risk factor for cardiovascular disease), impaired neural tube development in fetus. What happens to patients who take Folate in excess? - Answers May mask B12 deficiency, some studies found increased tumor rates with high-dosed folate supplementation. Sources of Thiamin? - Answers Pork, meat substitutes, green peas, enriched grains Biological activity of Thiamin? - Answers Needed for energy metabolism and proper neuronal functioning. Many enzymes require TPP (form of thiamin). What happens to patients with a thiamin deficiency? - Answers Dry Beri Beri: neuropathy, confusion, confabulation, dementia. Wet Beri Beri: heart failure, edema. Muscle weakness, seen with alcohol abuse, possible with hyperemesis (excessive and persistent vomiting). What happens to patients who take thiamin in excess? - Answers Intakes above RDA don't provide added benefit. Tenfold greater amounts have not been found to cause harm. FMN and FAD are derivatives of... - Answers Riboflavin (Vitamin B2) Sources of Riboflavin? - Answers Milk, eggs, broccoli Biological activity of Riboflavin? - Answers Prosthetic groups in flavoproteins, riboflavin-derived nucleotides FMN and FAD catalyze redox reactions in many metabolic pathways in energy