NAO Book 1
Layers of the cornea (outermost-innermost) - ✔️✔️Epithelium, Bowman's layer,
stroma, descements membrane, endothelium
Irregular astigmatism - ✔️✔️A refractive condition caused by a cornea which is
damaged and irregular so that rays of light come to many focal points on the retina; is
not correctable by cylinders.
Reflex tears - ✔️✔️Produced by lacrimal glands & are caused by stimulus such as
coughing, sneezing, strong smells & emotions
Layers of tear film (outer-innermost) - ✔️✔️Lipid, aqueous, mucin
Tear lake, tear prism, tear meniscus - ✔️✔️Collection of the thin film of tears on the
lower lid margin
Ectropia - ✔️✔️Eyelids turn outward
Entropion - ✔️✔️Eyelids turn inward
Conjunctiva - ✔️✔️Mucous membrane lining lids & globe
Goblet cells - ✔️✔️produce mucus
Conjunctivitis - ✔️✔️inflammation of the conjunctiva
First tunic (outer tunic) - ✔️✔️Sclera, cornea, limbus
2nd tunic (middle tunic) - ✔️✔️Sclera-retina (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
3rd tunic (inner tunic) - ✔️✔️Retina
Outer tunic - ✔️✔️Fibrous; receives O2 from tears and blood vessels
Epithelium - ✔️✔️Has 5-7 layers
Bowman's layer - ✔️✔️If damaged, scar tissue will form
Endothelium - ✔️✔️If deprived of O2, will lost cells quickly & cause swelling
Average power of the cornea - ✔️✔️42.00-45.00 diopters
, Canal of Schlemm - ✔️✔️Encircles the lumbar region; where aqueous drains into the
trabecular meshwork
Middle tunic - ✔️✔️vascular
Inner tunic - ✔️✔️Light sensitive
Anterior chamber - ✔️✔️Back surface of the cornea & the iris
Posterior chamber - ✔️✔️Between the iris and crystalline lens
Anisocoria - ✔️✔️unequal pupil size
Iritis - ✔️✔️inflammation of the iris
Sphincter - ✔️✔️Muscle that constricts, causing the pupil to become smaller
Dilator - ✔️✔️Muscle dilates causing the pupil to become larger
Floaters - ✔️✔️Located in the vitreous
Aphakia - ✔️✔️Absence of the crystalline lens
Presbyopia - ✔️✔️loss of accommodation
6 extraocular muscles - ✔️✔️Medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior
rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
-tropia - ✔️✔️A definite turning of the eye
Tear film - ✔️✔️How the cornea primarily received it's nutrients
Anisometropia - ✔️✔️significant unequal refractive error between two eyes
choroid - ✔️✔️Primary purpose is to supply nutrients to the retina
photopic - ✔️✔️Using cones in lighted conditions
Fovea - ✔️✔️Area of the retina capable of fine detailed vision
Adduction - ✔️✔️Turning inwards; towards the nose
Layers of the cornea (outermost-innermost) - ✔️✔️Epithelium, Bowman's layer,
stroma, descements membrane, endothelium
Irregular astigmatism - ✔️✔️A refractive condition caused by a cornea which is
damaged and irregular so that rays of light come to many focal points on the retina; is
not correctable by cylinders.
Reflex tears - ✔️✔️Produced by lacrimal glands & are caused by stimulus such as
coughing, sneezing, strong smells & emotions
Layers of tear film (outer-innermost) - ✔️✔️Lipid, aqueous, mucin
Tear lake, tear prism, tear meniscus - ✔️✔️Collection of the thin film of tears on the
lower lid margin
Ectropia - ✔️✔️Eyelids turn outward
Entropion - ✔️✔️Eyelids turn inward
Conjunctiva - ✔️✔️Mucous membrane lining lids & globe
Goblet cells - ✔️✔️produce mucus
Conjunctivitis - ✔️✔️inflammation of the conjunctiva
First tunic (outer tunic) - ✔️✔️Sclera, cornea, limbus
2nd tunic (middle tunic) - ✔️✔️Sclera-retina (iris, ciliary body, choroid)
3rd tunic (inner tunic) - ✔️✔️Retina
Outer tunic - ✔️✔️Fibrous; receives O2 from tears and blood vessels
Epithelium - ✔️✔️Has 5-7 layers
Bowman's layer - ✔️✔️If damaged, scar tissue will form
Endothelium - ✔️✔️If deprived of O2, will lost cells quickly & cause swelling
Average power of the cornea - ✔️✔️42.00-45.00 diopters
, Canal of Schlemm - ✔️✔️Encircles the lumbar region; where aqueous drains into the
trabecular meshwork
Middle tunic - ✔️✔️vascular
Inner tunic - ✔️✔️Light sensitive
Anterior chamber - ✔️✔️Back surface of the cornea & the iris
Posterior chamber - ✔️✔️Between the iris and crystalline lens
Anisocoria - ✔️✔️unequal pupil size
Iritis - ✔️✔️inflammation of the iris
Sphincter - ✔️✔️Muscle that constricts, causing the pupil to become smaller
Dilator - ✔️✔️Muscle dilates causing the pupil to become larger
Floaters - ✔️✔️Located in the vitreous
Aphakia - ✔️✔️Absence of the crystalline lens
Presbyopia - ✔️✔️loss of accommodation
6 extraocular muscles - ✔️✔️Medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, superior
rectus, superior oblique, inferior oblique
-tropia - ✔️✔️A definite turning of the eye
Tear film - ✔️✔️How the cornea primarily received it's nutrients
Anisometropia - ✔️✔️significant unequal refractive error between two eyes
choroid - ✔️✔️Primary purpose is to supply nutrients to the retina
photopic - ✔️✔️Using cones in lighted conditions
Fovea - ✔️✔️Area of the retina capable of fine detailed vision
Adduction - ✔️✔️Turning inwards; towards the nose
