,Table of Content 7 7
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ........................................................................................................................................ 4
7 7 7
Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases .................................................................................................................... 13
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease .......................................................................................................................... 23
7 7 7 7
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology ........................................................................................................ 27
7 7 7 7 7 7
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................... 39
7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
gy, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 48
7 7
Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ................................................................................................................................. 60
7 7 7
Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition .................................................................................................................................................................. 66
7
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................... 76
7 7 7 7
Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................................. 81
7 7
Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology .............................................................................................................................. 87
7 7 7
Chapter 12: Cancer in Children................................................................................................................................... 91
7 7 7 7
Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................................. 94
7
Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................................ 105
7
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function ................................. 116
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction.................... 126
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6t
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
h Edition ................................................................................................................................................................... 138
7
Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................... 147
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ...................................................................................................... 156
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 169
7 7
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function..................................................................................................... 176
7 7 7 7 7
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 192
7
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Understandi
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ng Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................... 200
7 7 7
Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function ................................................................................................. 210
7 7 7 7 7
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 229
7 7
S N T O........................................................................................................................................................................ 232
7 7 7 7
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................................ 236
7
Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function ........................................................................................................ 245
7 7 7 7 7
, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6t
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
h Edition ................................................................................................................................................................... 257
7
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................ 265
7 7
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 273
7
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
hysiology, 6th Edition .............................................................................................................................................. 280
7 7
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
gy, 6th Edition .......................................................................................................................................................... 286
7 7
Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6t
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
h Edition ................................................................................................................................................................... 295
7
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ........................................................................................ 300
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6t
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
h Edition ................................................................................................................................................................... 305
7
Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function .......................................................................................................... 312
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children........................................................................................ 325
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
logy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 334
7 7
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................... 342
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
gy, 6th Edition .......................................................................................................................................................... 352
7 7
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
gy, 6th Edition .......................................................................................................................................................... 357
7 7
Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children .............................................................................................. 366
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
7 7 7
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
7 7 7 7 7 7
MULTIPLE CHOICE 7
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA wi
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
th histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
a. A single circular chromosome
7 7 7
b. A nucleus 7
c. Free-floating nuclear material 7 7
d. No organelles 7
ANS: B 7
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its nucleu
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
s; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prokaryote conta
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ins free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
REF: p. 2 7 7
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse des
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
cribing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy?
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
a. Metabolic absorption 7
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D 7
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability involve
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
s maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secretion allows
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
for the synthesizing of new substances.
7 7 7 7 7 7
REF: p. 2 7 7
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 genetic information be contained?
7 7 7
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm 7
ANS: C 7
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic acid
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
, most of the DNA, and DNA-
7 7 7 7 7 7
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is ass
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ociated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufacturing. Cyt
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
oplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
REF: p. 2 7 7
Chapter 01: Cellular Biology ........................................................................................................................................ 4
7 7 7
Chapter 02: Genes and Genetic Diseases .................................................................................................................... 13
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 03: Epigenetics and Disease .......................................................................................................................... 23
7 7 7 7
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter 04: Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology ........................................................................................................ 27
7 7 7 7 7 7
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ........................................................................... 39
7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 06: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
gy, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 48
7 7
Chapter 07: Adaptive Immunity ................................................................................................................................. 60
7 7 7
Chapter 08: Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition .................................................................................................................................................................. 66
7
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter 09: Stress and Disease ................................................................................................................................... 76
7 7 7 7
Chapter 10: Biology, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment of Cancer Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ysiology, 6th Edition .................................................................................................................................................. 81
7 7
Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology .............................................................................................................................. 87
7 7 7
Chapter 12: Cancer in Children................................................................................................................................... 91
7 7 7 7
Chapter 13: Structure and Function of theNeurologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................................. 94
7
Chapter 14: Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................................ 105
7
Chapter 15: Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function ................................. 116
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 16: Disorders of theCentral and Peripheral Nervous Systems and theNeuromuscular Junction.................... 126
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 17: Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6t
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
h Edition ................................................................................................................................................................... 138
7
Chapter 18: Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation ................................................................................................... 147
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 19: Alterations of Hormonal Regulation ...................................................................................................... 156
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 20: Structure and Function of the Hematologic System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 169
7 7
Chapter 21: Alterations of Hematologic Function..................................................................................................... 176
7 7 7 7 7
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter 22: Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 192
7
Chapter 23: Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems Huether & McCance: Understandi
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ng Pathophysiology, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................... 200
7 7 7
Chapter 24: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function ................................................................................................. 210
7 7 7 7 7
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapter 25: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolog
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
y, 6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................ 229
7 7
S N T O........................................................................................................................................................................ 232
7 7 7 7
Chapter 26: Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................................ 236
7
Chapter 27: Alterations of Pulmonary Function ........................................................................................................ 245
7 7 7 7 7
, Chapter 28: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6t
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
h Edition ................................................................................................................................................................... 257
7
Chapter 29: Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathoph
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ysiology, 6th Edition ................................................................................................................................................ 265
7 7
Chapter 30: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology,
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
6th Edition ............................................................................................................................................................... 273
7
Chapter 31: Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathop
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
hysiology, 6th Edition .............................................................................................................................................. 280
7 7
Chapter 32: Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
gy, 6th Edition .......................................................................................................................................................... 286
7 7
Chapter 33: Alterations of the Female Reproductive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6t
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
h Edition ................................................................................................................................................................... 295
7
Chapter 34: Alterations of the Male Reproductive System ........................................................................................ 300
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 35: Structure and Function of the Digestive System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6t
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
h Edition ................................................................................................................................................................... 305
7
Chapter 36: Alterations of Digestive Function .......................................................................................................... 312
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 37: Alterations of Digestive Function in Children........................................................................................ 325
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 38: Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysio
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
logy, 6th Edition ....................................................................................................................................................... 334
7 7
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapter 39: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function ............................................................................................... 342
7 7 7 7 7
Chapter 40: Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
gy, 6th Edition .......................................................................................................................................................... 352
7 7
U SN T
7 7 O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapter 41: Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiolo
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
gy, 6th Edition .......................................................................................................................................................... 357
7 7
Chapter 42: Alterations of the Integument in Children .............................................................................................. 366
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
7 7 7
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
7 7 7 7 7 7
MULTIPLE CHOICE 7
1. A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoiled DNA wi
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
th histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student?
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
a. A single circular chromosome
7 7 7
b. A nucleus 7
c. Free-floating nuclear material 7 7
d. No organelles 7
ANS: B 7
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within its nucleu
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
s; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called a prokaryote conta
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ins free-floating nuclear material but has no organelles.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7
REF: p. 2 7 7
2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the nurse des
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
cribing when an isolated cell absorbs oxygen and uses it to transform nutrients to energy?
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
a. Metabolic absorption 7
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: D 7
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication ability involve
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
s maintenance of a steady dynamic state, metabolic absorption provides nutrition, and secretion allows
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
for the synthesizing of new substances.
7 7 7 7 7 7
REF: p. 2 7 7
3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
7 genetic information be contained?
7 7 7
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus Cytoplasm 7
ANS: C 7
The region of the cell that contains genetic material, including a large amount of ribonucleic acid
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
, most of the DNA, and DNA-
7 7 7 7 7 7
binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located within the cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is ass
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
ociated with cellular respiration, while ribosomes are involved with protein manufacturing. Cyt
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
oplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of the cell.
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
REF: p. 2 7 7
