Nurs 351 exam 1 questions n correct
answers
what's pathophysiology? and why do nurses care about it? - correct answer ✔✔- pathophysiology: study
of what happens when normal anatomy and physiology are altered; can cause disease or abnormal
states of being
- nurses care bc it's the "why" that unlocks the mysteries of the body and its response to therapies. it
helps nurses understand patient responses and gives rationale for evidence-based medicine and care.
- if we know what's happening, we can fix things
health - correct answer ✔✔the absence of disease, including the wellness of the mind, body and spirit.
normal states vary depending on age, sex, genetics, etc
disease - correct answer ✔✔a disorder of structure or function, especially one that produces specific
signs/symptoms or affects a specific location and isn't just a direct result of physical injury
types of disease - correct answer ✔✔autoimmune: body attacks itself
congenital: existing from birth
hereditary: genetically transferred from parent to child
degenerative: progressive decline/deterioration of function
inflammatory: characterized by inflammation
acute disease - correct answer ✔✔short duration and rapid onset; can still be serious tho
chronic disease - correct answer ✔✔prolonged duration, may be manageable
clinical manifestations - correct answer ✔✔signs and symptoms, clinical evidence of disease
etiology - correct answer ✔✔cause of disease
,iatrogenic - correct answer ✔✔unintended effect resulting from medical treatment; causing a separate
disease while trying to fix one
idiopathic - correct answer ✔✔unknown cause; it has one but we just don't know
pathogenesis - correct answer ✔✔origin and development of a disease
syndrome - correct answer ✔✔group of signs and symptoms that occur together
homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔- equilibrium, balance, stability
- self-regulating to respond to minor changes with compensatory mechanisms
feedback - correct answer ✔✔negative: response that offsets deviations from homeostasis
- ex: a thermostat or blood sugar regulation (most of the body does this)
positive: continues the chain of events set in motion by the disturbance instead of compensating for it;
same direction as original stressor
- ex: childbirth, blood clots, breastfeeding
stress - correct answer ✔✔- state produced by a change in the environment perceived as
threatening/damaging to a person or equilibrium
- it's good and bad for us; necessary for body adapting to changes/demands
- goal: adapt or cope
types and examples:
- physical: heat/cold
- physiologic: pain (more focused on this)
- psychosocial: fear
response to stress: psychological vs physiological - correct answer ✔✔- psychologically: we appraise the
situation/stressor and use cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage and cope
, - physiologically: the stress response activates a series of neurologic and hormonal processes within the
brain and the body
stress at the cellular level - correct answer ✔✔- prolonged stress will cause homeostasis to fail and lead
to cell alterations. damage depends on location and other body systems affected. prevent necrosis!
factors that influence progression of stress at cellular level (body can give you clues something is wrong)
- correct answer ✔✔- age
- comorbidities: diseased state causing collateral damage; ex: cancer treatment causing renal failure
- genetics
some causes of cellular injury - correct answer ✔✔most common
- chemical agents
- infectious agents
- hypoxia: lack of oxygen to tissues
other causes
- physical agents
- nutritional imbalances
- disordered immune responses
- genetic disorders
cellular injury - correct answer ✔✔- when a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in the face of a
stimulus
- any stressor that alters ability of cell to maintain homeostasis leads to injury
- amount of injury depends on severity of injury and other factors like blood supply and nutritional status
- prevent cellular injury from exposure
cellular adaptation - correct answer ✔✔- allows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function. the
most significant changes include change in size and number
- ex: atrophy (size), hypertrophy (size), hyperplasia (number), dysplasia (number)
answers
what's pathophysiology? and why do nurses care about it? - correct answer ✔✔- pathophysiology: study
of what happens when normal anatomy and physiology are altered; can cause disease or abnormal
states of being
- nurses care bc it's the "why" that unlocks the mysteries of the body and its response to therapies. it
helps nurses understand patient responses and gives rationale for evidence-based medicine and care.
- if we know what's happening, we can fix things
health - correct answer ✔✔the absence of disease, including the wellness of the mind, body and spirit.
normal states vary depending on age, sex, genetics, etc
disease - correct answer ✔✔a disorder of structure or function, especially one that produces specific
signs/symptoms or affects a specific location and isn't just a direct result of physical injury
types of disease - correct answer ✔✔autoimmune: body attacks itself
congenital: existing from birth
hereditary: genetically transferred from parent to child
degenerative: progressive decline/deterioration of function
inflammatory: characterized by inflammation
acute disease - correct answer ✔✔short duration and rapid onset; can still be serious tho
chronic disease - correct answer ✔✔prolonged duration, may be manageable
clinical manifestations - correct answer ✔✔signs and symptoms, clinical evidence of disease
etiology - correct answer ✔✔cause of disease
,iatrogenic - correct answer ✔✔unintended effect resulting from medical treatment; causing a separate
disease while trying to fix one
idiopathic - correct answer ✔✔unknown cause; it has one but we just don't know
pathogenesis - correct answer ✔✔origin and development of a disease
syndrome - correct answer ✔✔group of signs and symptoms that occur together
homeostasis - correct answer ✔✔- equilibrium, balance, stability
- self-regulating to respond to minor changes with compensatory mechanisms
feedback - correct answer ✔✔negative: response that offsets deviations from homeostasis
- ex: a thermostat or blood sugar regulation (most of the body does this)
positive: continues the chain of events set in motion by the disturbance instead of compensating for it;
same direction as original stressor
- ex: childbirth, blood clots, breastfeeding
stress - correct answer ✔✔- state produced by a change in the environment perceived as
threatening/damaging to a person or equilibrium
- it's good and bad for us; necessary for body adapting to changes/demands
- goal: adapt or cope
types and examples:
- physical: heat/cold
- physiologic: pain (more focused on this)
- psychosocial: fear
response to stress: psychological vs physiological - correct answer ✔✔- psychologically: we appraise the
situation/stressor and use cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage and cope
, - physiologically: the stress response activates a series of neurologic and hormonal processes within the
brain and the body
stress at the cellular level - correct answer ✔✔- prolonged stress will cause homeostasis to fail and lead
to cell alterations. damage depends on location and other body systems affected. prevent necrosis!
factors that influence progression of stress at cellular level (body can give you clues something is wrong)
- correct answer ✔✔- age
- comorbidities: diseased state causing collateral damage; ex: cancer treatment causing renal failure
- genetics
some causes of cellular injury - correct answer ✔✔most common
- chemical agents
- infectious agents
- hypoxia: lack of oxygen to tissues
other causes
- physical agents
- nutritional imbalances
- disordered immune responses
- genetic disorders
cellular injury - correct answer ✔✔- when a cell is unable to maintain homeostasis in the face of a
stimulus
- any stressor that alters ability of cell to maintain homeostasis leads to injury
- amount of injury depends on severity of injury and other factors like blood supply and nutritional status
- prevent cellular injury from exposure
cellular adaptation - correct answer ✔✔- allows the stressed tissue to survive or maintain function. the
most significant changes include change in size and number
- ex: atrophy (size), hypertrophy (size), hyperplasia (number), dysplasia (number)
