Maryville NURS 611 Exam 1 Questions And Correct Answers
Nucleus - DNA and RNA held here, Contains all genetic material.
Ribosomes - Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria - Produces ATP. This organelle makes ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation. The power plant of the cell. The more energetic a cell the more of
these it will have. The heart would require more of this when compared to the eyes,
bones or skin.
Golgi apparatus- ANS Provides packaging and distribution. Processes and packages
proteins for transport. Shipping and receiving center. Receives newly synthesized
proteins and lipids from the ER. Modified with sugar molecules that provide the
destination of transport. Then sends them on their way.
Lysosome- ANS Degradation and recycling of waste. Digestive enzymes stored within.
This is done by hydrolase enzymes
Peroxisome - ANSWER A byproduct of H2O2 which produces Free Radicals. Can
detoxify compounds and fatty acids. Can think peroxide they break things down using
oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 hydrogen peroxide Digests and breaks down organic
molecules - uses molecular oxygen.
Free Radical - ANSWER Any molecular species capable of independent existence that
contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Having one unpaired electron
makes the molecule unstable; the molecule becomes stabilized either by donating or by
accepting an electron from another molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSWER Chemically reactive molecules from
molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial
respiration and energy generation.
,Damage by free radicals /ROS-ANSWER The development of oxidative stress occurs
when an overproduction of ROS exceeds the capacity of the endogenous antioxidant
systems. A very large excess of ROS tends to cause necrosis but smaller excess of ROS
can cause apoptosis.
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty acid,
alterations of proteins and alterations in DNA
What is the plasma membrane made up of? -ANSWER Lipids, proteins, and
polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? - ANS To separate ICF and ECF, provide structure,
protection, activate cell, transport, cell-to-cell interaction
How does the osmolality compare between the ICF and ECF? - ANS The osmolality of ICF
and ECF tends to equilibrate and thus serves as an indicator of body fluid concentration
and hence the hydration status of the body.
What are the roles of proteins for the cell? - ANS Proteins serve as
Recognition and binding units, receptors, for substances moving in and out of the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called ions or
electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides; Specific
enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain ions,
particularly potassium, K+, within the cell while keeping concentrations of other ions,
for example sodium, Na+, below concentrations found in the extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins bound to carbohydrates), that
allow a cell to recognize its neighbor; Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that
permit cells to attach to each other and to attachments to the cytoskeleton to help
maintain cellular shape; and catalysts of chemical reactions, such as conversion of
lactose to glucose.
How much of cell membrane is protein? ANSWER 55% of the cell membrane is made of
protein
What is a Protein? ANSWER A protein is made of a chain of amino acids, called
polypeptides. The proteins contain 20 different amino acids, and each particular protein
contains a specific amino acid sequence. Proteins are major molecules that do the work
, of the cell.
Tight Junctions ANSWER Impermeable. Help cells move together and dont let things in
-they help conduct force- like pumping the heart; and moving hard stool. The tight
junctions are diffusion barriers that block the movement of substances through the
transport proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells.
Gap Junctions - ANSWER Allow for conductivity to allow synchronizing contractions of
heart muscles through ionic coupling. Channels that allow for conductivity - like the
heart and nerve cells. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels or
connexons that allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of one
cell to the inside of another.
Desmosomes ANSWER Hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts of
epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact. Also act as a system of braces to
maintain structural integrity.
Oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER AKA: Cellular respiration and Glycolysis. Occurs
in the mitochondria and is the mechanism in which energy is produced from
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and this energy is transferred to ATP. When 1 mole of
glucose is metabolically broken down in the presence of oxygen into CO2 and water -
686 Kilocalories of energy are released- in a test tube it is expressed as heat. Active
transport. Kerbs cycle.
Main cation in ICF - ANSWER Potassium
Main cation in ECF - ANSWER Sodium
What charge is inside the cell? - ANSWER Negative
What charge is outside the cell? - ANSWER Positive
The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside
Nucleus - DNA and RNA held here, Contains all genetic material.
Ribosomes - Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria - Produces ATP. This organelle makes ATP through oxidative
phosphorylation. The power plant of the cell. The more energetic a cell the more of
these it will have. The heart would require more of this when compared to the eyes,
bones or skin.
Golgi apparatus- ANS Provides packaging and distribution. Processes and packages
proteins for transport. Shipping and receiving center. Receives newly synthesized
proteins and lipids from the ER. Modified with sugar molecules that provide the
destination of transport. Then sends them on their way.
Lysosome- ANS Degradation and recycling of waste. Digestive enzymes stored within.
This is done by hydrolase enzymes
Peroxisome - ANSWER A byproduct of H2O2 which produces Free Radicals. Can
detoxify compounds and fatty acids. Can think peroxide they break things down using
oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 hydrogen peroxide Digests and breaks down organic
molecules - uses molecular oxygen.
Free Radical - ANSWER Any molecular species capable of independent existence that
contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit. Having one unpaired electron
makes the molecule unstable; the molecule becomes stabilized either by donating or by
accepting an electron from another molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) - ANSWER Chemically reactive molecules from
molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in cells during mitochondrial
respiration and energy generation.
,Damage by free radicals /ROS-ANSWER The development of oxidative stress occurs
when an overproduction of ROS exceeds the capacity of the endogenous antioxidant
systems. A very large excess of ROS tends to cause necrosis but smaller excess of ROS
can cause apoptosis.
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty acid,
alterations of proteins and alterations in DNA
What is the plasma membrane made up of? -ANSWER Lipids, proteins, and
polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? - ANS To separate ICF and ECF, provide structure,
protection, activate cell, transport, cell-to-cell interaction
How does the osmolality compare between the ICF and ECF? - ANS The osmolality of ICF
and ECF tends to equilibrate and thus serves as an indicator of body fluid concentration
and hence the hydration status of the body.
What are the roles of proteins for the cell? - ANS Proteins serve as
Recognition and binding units, receptors, for substances moving in and out of the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called ions or
electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides; Specific
enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain ions,
particularly potassium, K+, within the cell while keeping concentrations of other ions,
for example sodium, Na+, below concentrations found in the extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins bound to carbohydrates), that
allow a cell to recognize its neighbor; Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that
permit cells to attach to each other and to attachments to the cytoskeleton to help
maintain cellular shape; and catalysts of chemical reactions, such as conversion of
lactose to glucose.
How much of cell membrane is protein? ANSWER 55% of the cell membrane is made of
protein
What is a Protein? ANSWER A protein is made of a chain of amino acids, called
polypeptides. The proteins contain 20 different amino acids, and each particular protein
contains a specific amino acid sequence. Proteins are major molecules that do the work
, of the cell.
Tight Junctions ANSWER Impermeable. Help cells move together and dont let things in
-they help conduct force- like pumping the heart; and moving hard stool. The tight
junctions are diffusion barriers that block the movement of substances through the
transport proteins in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells.
Gap Junctions - ANSWER Allow for conductivity to allow synchronizing contractions of
heart muscles through ionic coupling. Channels that allow for conductivity - like the
heart and nerve cells. Gap junctions are clusters of communicating tunnels or
connexons that allow small ions and molecules to pass directly from the inside of one
cell to the inside of another.
Desmosomes ANSWER Hold cells together either by continuous bands or belts of
epithelial sheets or button-like points of contact. Also act as a system of braces to
maintain structural integrity.
Oxidative phosphorylation - ANSWER AKA: Cellular respiration and Glycolysis. Occurs
in the mitochondria and is the mechanism in which energy is produced from
carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and this energy is transferred to ATP. When 1 mole of
glucose is metabolically broken down in the presence of oxygen into CO2 and water -
686 Kilocalories of energy are released- in a test tube it is expressed as heat. Active
transport. Kerbs cycle.
Main cation in ICF - ANSWER Potassium
Main cation in ECF - ANSWER Sodium
What charge is inside the cell? - ANSWER Negative
What charge is outside the cell? - ANSWER Positive
The inside of the cell is more negatively charged than the outside
