patho final questions EXAM NEW
VERSION LATEST UPDATE 2024 - 2025
and more Exams in PDF
Gastritis
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
Acute Gastritis
Short-duration inflammation is often caused by irritants, leading to vomiting and
diarrhea.
Chronic Gastritis
Long-term inflammation associated with irritants like H. pylori, alcohol, NSAIDs.
Pernicious Anemia
Anemia associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.
COX-1
Enzyme promoting prostaglandin synthesis for gastric mucosa protection.
COX-2
Enzyme promoting prostaglandin synthesis for inflammation mediation.
H. Pylori
Gram-negative bacteria colonizing the gastric mucosa, causing gastritis.
Urease
Enzyme produced by H. pylori that neutralizes gastric acid by decomposing urea into
ammonia.
Epigastric Pain
Pain in the upper abdomen, a symptom of gastritis.
Peptic Ulcer
Sore or lesion in the mucous membrane due to increased acid secretion and H. pylori
infection.
Sucralfate
Medication to coat and protect the mucosa in peptic ulcers.
Crohn's Disease
Chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract causing thickening and
scarring.
Skip Lesions
Sections of diseased bowel separated by normal sections, characteristic of Crohn's
disease.
Ulcerative Colitis
Chronic inflammation of the rectum and colon, limited to the mucosa.
, Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis
Acute inflammation with plaque-like adhesion in the intestine, often due to C. difficile
infection.
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, commonly caused by blockage and bacterial invasion.
Celiac Disease
Malabsorption disorder triggered by gluten hypersensitivity, affecting the small intestine.
Cross contamination
Immune-mediated damage to intestinal mucosa causing villi atrophy and impaired
absorption
Genetic component
Inherited factor contributing to the development of a condition
Chronic diarrhea
Persistent loose stools impairing nutrient absorption
Atrophy of villi
Shrinkage of intestinal villi, reducing absorption surface
Diverticulosis
Formation of outpouches in the large intestine wall
Weak points
Areas of vulnerability in the muscular layer of the large intestine
Etiology of diverticulosis
Factors causing the development of diverticula, including age and stool volume
Intraluminal pressures
Pressure inside the intestine, influenced by stool volume
Diverticulitis
Inflammation and infection of diverticula in the intestine
Fecalith
Hardened fecal matter causing blockage or infection
Ileus
Blockage of gastrointestinal tract movement or contents
Mechanical ileus
Physical obstruction hindering bowel movement
Paralytic ileus
Lack of intestinal motility due to nerve reflex dysfunction
Adhesions
Connective tissue bands forming post-surgery or inflammation
Hernia
Protrusion of bowel through a weak opening in the abdominal wall
Volvulus
Twisting of the bowel leading to impaired blood supply
VERSION LATEST UPDATE 2024 - 2025
and more Exams in PDF
Gastritis
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
Acute Gastritis
Short-duration inflammation is often caused by irritants, leading to vomiting and
diarrhea.
Chronic Gastritis
Long-term inflammation associated with irritants like H. pylori, alcohol, NSAIDs.
Pernicious Anemia
Anemia associated with vitamin B12 deficiency.
COX-1
Enzyme promoting prostaglandin synthesis for gastric mucosa protection.
COX-2
Enzyme promoting prostaglandin synthesis for inflammation mediation.
H. Pylori
Gram-negative bacteria colonizing the gastric mucosa, causing gastritis.
Urease
Enzyme produced by H. pylori that neutralizes gastric acid by decomposing urea into
ammonia.
Epigastric Pain
Pain in the upper abdomen, a symptom of gastritis.
Peptic Ulcer
Sore or lesion in the mucous membrane due to increased acid secretion and H. pylori
infection.
Sucralfate
Medication to coat and protect the mucosa in peptic ulcers.
Crohn's Disease
Chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract causing thickening and
scarring.
Skip Lesions
Sections of diseased bowel separated by normal sections, characteristic of Crohn's
disease.
Ulcerative Colitis
Chronic inflammation of the rectum and colon, limited to the mucosa.
, Pseudomembranous Enterocolitis
Acute inflammation with plaque-like adhesion in the intestine, often due to C. difficile
infection.
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, commonly caused by blockage and bacterial invasion.
Celiac Disease
Malabsorption disorder triggered by gluten hypersensitivity, affecting the small intestine.
Cross contamination
Immune-mediated damage to intestinal mucosa causing villi atrophy and impaired
absorption
Genetic component
Inherited factor contributing to the development of a condition
Chronic diarrhea
Persistent loose stools impairing nutrient absorption
Atrophy of villi
Shrinkage of intestinal villi, reducing absorption surface
Diverticulosis
Formation of outpouches in the large intestine wall
Weak points
Areas of vulnerability in the muscular layer of the large intestine
Etiology of diverticulosis
Factors causing the development of diverticula, including age and stool volume
Intraluminal pressures
Pressure inside the intestine, influenced by stool volume
Diverticulitis
Inflammation and infection of diverticula in the intestine
Fecalith
Hardened fecal matter causing blockage or infection
Ileus
Blockage of gastrointestinal tract movement or contents
Mechanical ileus
Physical obstruction hindering bowel movement
Paralytic ileus
Lack of intestinal motility due to nerve reflex dysfunction
Adhesions
Connective tissue bands forming post-surgery or inflammation
Hernia
Protrusion of bowel through a weak opening in the abdominal wall
Volvulus
Twisting of the bowel leading to impaired blood supply
