Inhoudsopgave
LE Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3
LE General approaches (chp 1)...............................................................................................................3
Cognitive psychology..........................................................................................................................4
Information processing models/experiments:................................................................................4
Cognitive neuroscience.......................................................................................................................6
Single-unit recordings:....................................................................................................................7
Event-related potentials (ERPs) or EEG...........................................................................................7
Magneto-encephalography (MEG).................................................................................................8
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).............................................................................8
Cognitive Neuropsychology................................................................................................................9
Examples.........................................................................................................................................9
Studies............................................................................................................................................9
Computational cognitive science......................................................................................................10
Production systems/models.........................................................................................................11
Neural networks/connectionist models........................................................................................11
Problems.......................................................................................................................................11
LE Visual perception (chp 2).................................................................................................................13
Eye and brain....................................................................................................................................13
Ventral and dorsal processing streams.............................................................................................14
Color vision.......................................................................................................................................16
Psychophysics...................................................................................................................................18
Depth and size perception................................................................................................................20
Perception without awareness.........................................................................................................21
LE Object Recognition (chp 3)...............................................................................................................22
Pattern recognition...........................................................................................................................22
Theories of object recognition..........................................................................................................24
Marr’s theory of object recognition..............................................................................................25
Biederman’s recognition-by-component theory...........................................................................25
Bar’s theory (neuroscience: 2 routes to recognition)...................................................................26
Evaluation.....................................................................................................................................27
Face recognition...............................................................................................................................27
Visual imagery..................................................................................................................................28
LE Perception, Motion and Action (chp 4)............................................................................................29
Direct perception..............................................................................................................................29
, Visually-guided action.......................................................................................................................31
Perception of biological motion........................................................................................................32
Change blindness and inattentional blindness.................................................................................33
LE Attention & Performance (chp 5).....................................................................................................35
General remarks and types of attention...........................................................................................35
Types of attention.........................................................................................................................35
Focused auditory attention..............................................................................................................35
Selective attention models...........................................................................................................35
Focused visual attention...................................................................................................................38
Posner and Cohen’s cueing paradigm (included divided spotlight): location based attention.....38
Spotlight paradigm.......................................................................................................................39
What happens to unattended stimuli (negative priming).............................................................39
Visual search.....................................................................................................................................40
Cross-modal effects..........................................................................................................................41
Divided attention and dual task performance..................................................................................42
Automatic and controlled processing...............................................................................................44
LE Learning, Memory & Forgetting (chp 6)...........................................................................................45
Introduction......................................................................................................................................45
Architecture of memory...................................................................................................................45
Working memory..............................................................................................................................46
Levels of processing..........................................................................................................................49
Implicit learning................................................................................................................................49
Forgetting.........................................................................................................................................50
LE Long-term Memory Systems (chp 7)................................................................................................51
Introduction: HM and amnesia.........................................................................................................51
A typology of LTM systems...............................................................................................................52
Declarative memory.........................................................................................................................52
Episodic vs semantic memory (terms by Tulving).........................................................................52
Consolidation................................................................................................................................52
Episodic memory..........................................................................................................................53
Semantic memory.........................................................................................................................54
Non-declarative memory..................................................................................................................55
The testing effect..............................................................................................................................56
,LE Introduction
Cognitive psychology: study of mental processes that allow us to perceive, learn, remember think
and act
Study with 1 of 4 approaches:
- Behavioral experiments: study participants who respond to visuals on computers e.g.
- Neuropsychology: study patients with neuro disorders or brain injury
- Neuroscience experiments: scanning techniques used to answer questions about cognition
(MRI, EEG), which parts of the brain are used
- Computational modeling: build models with implemented theory on how a process works
(how do you perceive color) and does the model stimulates participants in this experiment
Main functions of the human cognitive system:
- Perception: taking up information from the external world through 5 senses and recognizing
objects and events.
- Attention: we are continually exposed to more information than we can process. Selective
listening, selective attention.
- Learning and memory: storing and retrieving information
- Thinking and reasoning: using information for solving problems, acting on the world, making
decisions
- Motor behavior: using information for action
- Language processing: communication
Human-machine interaction:
- Human processing as a blue-print for models (if you are building an AI, which of the features
(perception, memorizing, thinking, acting) would you include)
- Ask how model how the model performs as a human
Perception is not veridical, it is a constructive process. Knowledge of perceptual processes doesn’t
take away the illusion
We have a tendency to see into coherent parts using top-down knowledge/effects
Perception is multi-model: based on 2 senses (e.g. visual and audio)
Human memory is severely limited in capacity
- Immediate serial recall task:
LE General approaches (chp 1)
Cognitive psychology: study behavior
Computational cognitive neuroscience: build models to study human cognition
Cognitive neuroscience: study behavior and the brain function to understand cognition
Cognitive neuropsychology: how brain damage affects cognition, which parts are necessary for
certain tasks
, Cognitive psychology
Study to understand human cognition by studying behavior
Information processing models/experiments:
Cognitive processes take time (reaction time (RT)) from a stimulus to a response in an experimental
task
Nervous system conduction time: the time it takes from stimuli to response
Identification (which of two stimuli does the participant see), and response selection (what response
to give to what stimuli)
RT = stimulus identification time
Theory (set of related statements to explain a phenomenon (verbal, mathematical equations or
computer program)).
Falsification: results of an experimental study can show that a theory is false, but they cannot show
that a theory is true.
Processes:
- Serial: following each other
- Parallel: at the same time
LE Introduction.......................................................................................................................................3
LE General approaches (chp 1)...............................................................................................................3
Cognitive psychology..........................................................................................................................4
Information processing models/experiments:................................................................................4
Cognitive neuroscience.......................................................................................................................6
Single-unit recordings:....................................................................................................................7
Event-related potentials (ERPs) or EEG...........................................................................................7
Magneto-encephalography (MEG).................................................................................................8
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).............................................................................8
Cognitive Neuropsychology................................................................................................................9
Examples.........................................................................................................................................9
Studies............................................................................................................................................9
Computational cognitive science......................................................................................................10
Production systems/models.........................................................................................................11
Neural networks/connectionist models........................................................................................11
Problems.......................................................................................................................................11
LE Visual perception (chp 2).................................................................................................................13
Eye and brain....................................................................................................................................13
Ventral and dorsal processing streams.............................................................................................14
Color vision.......................................................................................................................................16
Psychophysics...................................................................................................................................18
Depth and size perception................................................................................................................20
Perception without awareness.........................................................................................................21
LE Object Recognition (chp 3)...............................................................................................................22
Pattern recognition...........................................................................................................................22
Theories of object recognition..........................................................................................................24
Marr’s theory of object recognition..............................................................................................25
Biederman’s recognition-by-component theory...........................................................................25
Bar’s theory (neuroscience: 2 routes to recognition)...................................................................26
Evaluation.....................................................................................................................................27
Face recognition...............................................................................................................................27
Visual imagery..................................................................................................................................28
LE Perception, Motion and Action (chp 4)............................................................................................29
Direct perception..............................................................................................................................29
, Visually-guided action.......................................................................................................................31
Perception of biological motion........................................................................................................32
Change blindness and inattentional blindness.................................................................................33
LE Attention & Performance (chp 5).....................................................................................................35
General remarks and types of attention...........................................................................................35
Types of attention.........................................................................................................................35
Focused auditory attention..............................................................................................................35
Selective attention models...........................................................................................................35
Focused visual attention...................................................................................................................38
Posner and Cohen’s cueing paradigm (included divided spotlight): location based attention.....38
Spotlight paradigm.......................................................................................................................39
What happens to unattended stimuli (negative priming).............................................................39
Visual search.....................................................................................................................................40
Cross-modal effects..........................................................................................................................41
Divided attention and dual task performance..................................................................................42
Automatic and controlled processing...............................................................................................44
LE Learning, Memory & Forgetting (chp 6)...........................................................................................45
Introduction......................................................................................................................................45
Architecture of memory...................................................................................................................45
Working memory..............................................................................................................................46
Levels of processing..........................................................................................................................49
Implicit learning................................................................................................................................49
Forgetting.........................................................................................................................................50
LE Long-term Memory Systems (chp 7)................................................................................................51
Introduction: HM and amnesia.........................................................................................................51
A typology of LTM systems...............................................................................................................52
Declarative memory.........................................................................................................................52
Episodic vs semantic memory (terms by Tulving).........................................................................52
Consolidation................................................................................................................................52
Episodic memory..........................................................................................................................53
Semantic memory.........................................................................................................................54
Non-declarative memory..................................................................................................................55
The testing effect..............................................................................................................................56
,LE Introduction
Cognitive psychology: study of mental processes that allow us to perceive, learn, remember think
and act
Study with 1 of 4 approaches:
- Behavioral experiments: study participants who respond to visuals on computers e.g.
- Neuropsychology: study patients with neuro disorders or brain injury
- Neuroscience experiments: scanning techniques used to answer questions about cognition
(MRI, EEG), which parts of the brain are used
- Computational modeling: build models with implemented theory on how a process works
(how do you perceive color) and does the model stimulates participants in this experiment
Main functions of the human cognitive system:
- Perception: taking up information from the external world through 5 senses and recognizing
objects and events.
- Attention: we are continually exposed to more information than we can process. Selective
listening, selective attention.
- Learning and memory: storing and retrieving information
- Thinking and reasoning: using information for solving problems, acting on the world, making
decisions
- Motor behavior: using information for action
- Language processing: communication
Human-machine interaction:
- Human processing as a blue-print for models (if you are building an AI, which of the features
(perception, memorizing, thinking, acting) would you include)
- Ask how model how the model performs as a human
Perception is not veridical, it is a constructive process. Knowledge of perceptual processes doesn’t
take away the illusion
We have a tendency to see into coherent parts using top-down knowledge/effects
Perception is multi-model: based on 2 senses (e.g. visual and audio)
Human memory is severely limited in capacity
- Immediate serial recall task:
LE General approaches (chp 1)
Cognitive psychology: study behavior
Computational cognitive neuroscience: build models to study human cognition
Cognitive neuroscience: study behavior and the brain function to understand cognition
Cognitive neuropsychology: how brain damage affects cognition, which parts are necessary for
certain tasks
, Cognitive psychology
Study to understand human cognition by studying behavior
Information processing models/experiments:
Cognitive processes take time (reaction time (RT)) from a stimulus to a response in an experimental
task
Nervous system conduction time: the time it takes from stimuli to response
Identification (which of two stimuli does the participant see), and response selection (what response
to give to what stimuli)
RT = stimulus identification time
Theory (set of related statements to explain a phenomenon (verbal, mathematical equations or
computer program)).
Falsification: results of an experimental study can show that a theory is false, but they cannot show
that a theory is true.
Processes:
- Serial: following each other
- Parallel: at the same time
