NUR231 Tutorials 2024-2025 Exam With Complete Solution
A chemical bond in which electrons are shared equally is a - ANSWER nonpolar covalent
bond
The bond between oxygen and hydrogen between water molecules is a - ANSWER polar
covalent bond
The unit molecules, or monomers, of carbohydrates are - ANSWER monosaccharides
Sucrose is made up of - ANSWER glucose and fructose
Glucose and fructose are examples of - ANSWER monosaccharides and disaccharides
The chemical bond between amino acids is a - ANSWER peptide bond - covalent bond
Cytosine always pairs with - ANSWER guanine in a manner complementary base pairing
Cell energy is produced in the following organelle - ANSWER mitochondria
The passive movement of water across membranes down its concentration gradient is
referred to as - ANSWER osmosis
What is referred to as the "energy currency" for the cell? - ANSWER ATP
A 75-year-old female has Alzheimer's disease with increased lipid peroxidation
secondary to free-radical production. Lipid peroxidation results in _________ cell
membrane damage
,The myocardial cells, in response to an increased workload will _________ increase in
size - hypertrophy
A 40-year-old female is undergoing treatment for cervical cancer. Which cellular change
is most likely associated with her cancer? _________ dysplasia
A 55-year-old male with 30-year history of smoking is examined for a respiratory
problem. Examination on his airway (bronchi) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial
cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated epithelium. The type of cellular
adaptation seen is called? - ANSWER metaplasia
The definition of pharmacology is - ANSWER the study of drugs including their actions
and effects in living systems
Useful drugs have which of the following properties - ANSWER potency, selectivity and
specificity
Potency refers to - ANSWER the amount of drug required to produce an effect
Drugs are classified by all the following except - ANSWER manufacturer
Over-the-counter drugs are available - ANSWER in pharmacies, supermarkets and
general stores
In what source would you find information about specific drugs relevant to a country? -
ANSWER Pharmacopoeias
If a drug acts to bind Beta2 adrenoceptors and at no other receptors, even at higher
doses, that drug would be said to exhibit high - ANSWER specificity
,Which of the following is not a major target of drug action? - ANSWER hormones
The correct order of the pharmacokinetic phase a drug may pass through is - ANSWER
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Bioavailability is defined as - ANSWER proportion of the dose reaching the systemic
circulation intact
Which of the following statements is true of the elimination process? - ANSWER the
distal tubule is the main site of active secretion
Which psychological factors may increase a person's tolerance to pain? - ANSWER
empathy
A pain caused by a compressed nerve may be described as - ANSWER burning,
shooting and tingling
For optimal pain management - ANSWER step up doses using an analgesic ladder
Which route of administration is ideal for patients with stable chronic pain? - ANSWER
oral sustained-release preparations
Which drug is considered a weak opioid and is used in mild to moderate pain? -
ANSWER codeine
Which of the following is not considered a mechanism of action of opioid analgesics? -
ANSWER stimulation of sigma receptors in the substantia gelatinosa
An overdose of opioids may be reversed with - ANSWER naloxone
, Which mechanism is relevant to the analgesic action of aspirin? - ANSWER inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis in the periphery
Which of the following is an adjuvant analgesic / are adjuvant analgesics? - ANSWER
tricyclic antidepressants, corticosteroids, local anaesthetic
The pain that occurs to a stimulus such as light stroking that normally does not provoke
pain is termed - ANSWER allodynia
A 20-year-old woman pricked her left hand when sewing. Which part of her brain would
have received those pain signals and perceived the pain? - ANSWER right
somatosensory cortex
One place in which nociceptors are located is the - ANSWER skin
Which CNS tract carries the sensory information from the nociceptors to the brain? -
ANSWER spinothalamic
Inflammation of visceral tissue activates - ANSWER silent nociceptors
Which one of the following is an excitatory neuromodulator that facilitates pain
transmission - ANSWER substance P
The pain threshold in children is - ANSWER lower compared to adults
A 55-year-old man comes to his physician with a complaint of severe headache.
Investigative tests suggested his pain was psychogenic in origin. This type of pain -
ANSWER appears to have no underlying pathology
Pain felt in a different body part to the source of the pain is termed - ANSWER referred
pain
A chemical bond in which electrons are shared equally is a - ANSWER nonpolar covalent
bond
The bond between oxygen and hydrogen between water molecules is a - ANSWER polar
covalent bond
The unit molecules, or monomers, of carbohydrates are - ANSWER monosaccharides
Sucrose is made up of - ANSWER glucose and fructose
Glucose and fructose are examples of - ANSWER monosaccharides and disaccharides
The chemical bond between amino acids is a - ANSWER peptide bond - covalent bond
Cytosine always pairs with - ANSWER guanine in a manner complementary base pairing
Cell energy is produced in the following organelle - ANSWER mitochondria
The passive movement of water across membranes down its concentration gradient is
referred to as - ANSWER osmosis
What is referred to as the "energy currency" for the cell? - ANSWER ATP
A 75-year-old female has Alzheimer's disease with increased lipid peroxidation
secondary to free-radical production. Lipid peroxidation results in _________ cell
membrane damage
,The myocardial cells, in response to an increased workload will _________ increase in
size - hypertrophy
A 40-year-old female is undergoing treatment for cervical cancer. Which cellular change
is most likely associated with her cancer? _________ dysplasia
A 55-year-old male with 30-year history of smoking is examined for a respiratory
problem. Examination on his airway (bronchi) reveals that stratified squamous epithelial
cells have replaced the normal columnar ciliated epithelium. The type of cellular
adaptation seen is called? - ANSWER metaplasia
The definition of pharmacology is - ANSWER the study of drugs including their actions
and effects in living systems
Useful drugs have which of the following properties - ANSWER potency, selectivity and
specificity
Potency refers to - ANSWER the amount of drug required to produce an effect
Drugs are classified by all the following except - ANSWER manufacturer
Over-the-counter drugs are available - ANSWER in pharmacies, supermarkets and
general stores
In what source would you find information about specific drugs relevant to a country? -
ANSWER Pharmacopoeias
If a drug acts to bind Beta2 adrenoceptors and at no other receptors, even at higher
doses, that drug would be said to exhibit high - ANSWER specificity
,Which of the following is not a major target of drug action? - ANSWER hormones
The correct order of the pharmacokinetic phase a drug may pass through is - ANSWER
absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
Bioavailability is defined as - ANSWER proportion of the dose reaching the systemic
circulation intact
Which of the following statements is true of the elimination process? - ANSWER the
distal tubule is the main site of active secretion
Which psychological factors may increase a person's tolerance to pain? - ANSWER
empathy
A pain caused by a compressed nerve may be described as - ANSWER burning,
shooting and tingling
For optimal pain management - ANSWER step up doses using an analgesic ladder
Which route of administration is ideal for patients with stable chronic pain? - ANSWER
oral sustained-release preparations
Which drug is considered a weak opioid and is used in mild to moderate pain? -
ANSWER codeine
Which of the following is not considered a mechanism of action of opioid analgesics? -
ANSWER stimulation of sigma receptors in the substantia gelatinosa
An overdose of opioids may be reversed with - ANSWER naloxone
, Which mechanism is relevant to the analgesic action of aspirin? - ANSWER inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis in the periphery
Which of the following is an adjuvant analgesic / are adjuvant analgesics? - ANSWER
tricyclic antidepressants, corticosteroids, local anaesthetic
The pain that occurs to a stimulus such as light stroking that normally does not provoke
pain is termed - ANSWER allodynia
A 20-year-old woman pricked her left hand when sewing. Which part of her brain would
have received those pain signals and perceived the pain? - ANSWER right
somatosensory cortex
One place in which nociceptors are located is the - ANSWER skin
Which CNS tract carries the sensory information from the nociceptors to the brain? -
ANSWER spinothalamic
Inflammation of visceral tissue activates - ANSWER silent nociceptors
Which one of the following is an excitatory neuromodulator that facilitates pain
transmission - ANSWER substance P
The pain threshold in children is - ANSWER lower compared to adults
A 55-year-old man comes to his physician with a complaint of severe headache.
Investigative tests suggested his pain was psychogenic in origin. This type of pain -
ANSWER appears to have no underlying pathology
Pain felt in a different body part to the source of the pain is termed - ANSWER referred
pain
