FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING PHARMACOLOGY. ALL
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM REVISION QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED A+) (2024 UPDATE)
Epidural - ANSWER- injected into epidural space.
Intrapleural - ANSWER- injected into the pleural cavity.
Intraperitoneal - ANSWER- injected into the peritoneal cavity.
Intraosseous - ANSWER- injected into the rich vascular network of a long bone.
Intra-articular - ANSWER- injected into a joint.
Intrathecal - ANSWER- injected into the spinal canal.
Absorption (pharmacokinetics) - ANSWER- progress of a drug from the time it's administered
through the time it passes to the tissues, until it becomes available for use by the body.
Passive transport - ANSWER- requires no cellular energy because the drug moves from an area
of higher concentration to one of lower concentration (DIFFUSION).
-Ex. Oral drugs use passive transport (move from higher in GI to lower in blood).
DIFFUSION - ANSWER- occurs when small molecules diffuse across membranes. It stops
when the drug concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal.
Active transport - ANSWER- requires cellular energy to move the drug from an area of lower
concentration to one of higher concentration.
,-Ex absorb electrolytes (Na+, K+, and other drugs such as levodopa)
Pinocytosis - ANSWER- Form of active transport that occurs when a cell engulfs a drug particle
(normally FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS A, D, E, and K).
Sublingually, IV or by inhalation - ANSWER- only a few cells separate the active drug from
systemic circulation absorption occurs rapidly and the drug quickly reaches therapeutic levels in
the body (occurs W/I seconds or min).
Oral, IM, or subcut - ANSWER- absorption occurs at slower rates when drugs are administered
because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layer, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
Rectally administered or sustained-release drugs - ANSWER- slowest absorption rates where
drugs take several hours or days to reach peak concentration levels.
Intestinal interference - ANSWER- most absorption of oral drugs occurs in the small intestine.
So, if a patient has decreased surface area of small intestine, then there is a decrease in time it is
being absorbed =decreased absorption
First-pass effect - ANSWER- drugs absorbed in the small intestine are transported to the liver
where the liver may metabolize much of the drug before it enter ciculation.
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER- The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of
drugs by the body.
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER- The biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the
mechanisms of drug actions.
Pharmacotherapeutics - ANSWER- The use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases.
, Buccal - ANSWER- in the pouch between check and teeth (prevent destruction or
transformation in stomach or small intestine)
Sublingual - ANSWER- Under the tongue (prevent destruction or transformation in stomach
or small intestine)
Translingual - ANSWER- On the tongue (prevent destruction or transformation in stomach or
small intestine)
Gastric - ANSWER- -Allows direct administration of a drug into GI (through a tube placed
directly into GI call G-Tube)
-used when patients can't ingest orally
Intradermal - ANSWER- needle inserted 10- to 15- degree angle so it punctures only the skin's
surface (mainly diagnostics)
Intramuscular (IM) - ANSWER- Provide rapid systemic action and absorption of relatively
large doses (up to 3 ml)
-Aqueous suspensions
-solutions in oil
-drugs not available in oral
Intravenous (IV) - ANSWER- Directly into bloodstream through vein.
-drugs
-fluids
PHARMACOLOGY EXAM REVISION QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED A+) (2024 UPDATE)
Epidural - ANSWER- injected into epidural space.
Intrapleural - ANSWER- injected into the pleural cavity.
Intraperitoneal - ANSWER- injected into the peritoneal cavity.
Intraosseous - ANSWER- injected into the rich vascular network of a long bone.
Intra-articular - ANSWER- injected into a joint.
Intrathecal - ANSWER- injected into the spinal canal.
Absorption (pharmacokinetics) - ANSWER- progress of a drug from the time it's administered
through the time it passes to the tissues, until it becomes available for use by the body.
Passive transport - ANSWER- requires no cellular energy because the drug moves from an area
of higher concentration to one of lower concentration (DIFFUSION).
-Ex. Oral drugs use passive transport (move from higher in GI to lower in blood).
DIFFUSION - ANSWER- occurs when small molecules diffuse across membranes. It stops
when the drug concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal.
Active transport - ANSWER- requires cellular energy to move the drug from an area of lower
concentration to one of higher concentration.
,-Ex absorb electrolytes (Na+, K+, and other drugs such as levodopa)
Pinocytosis - ANSWER- Form of active transport that occurs when a cell engulfs a drug particle
(normally FAT-SOLUBLE VITAMINS A, D, E, and K).
Sublingually, IV or by inhalation - ANSWER- only a few cells separate the active drug from
systemic circulation absorption occurs rapidly and the drug quickly reaches therapeutic levels in
the body (occurs W/I seconds or min).
Oral, IM, or subcut - ANSWER- absorption occurs at slower rates when drugs are administered
because the complex membrane systems of GI mucosal layer, muscle, and skin delay drug passage.
Rectally administered or sustained-release drugs - ANSWER- slowest absorption rates where
drugs take several hours or days to reach peak concentration levels.
Intestinal interference - ANSWER- most absorption of oral drugs occurs in the small intestine.
So, if a patient has decreased surface area of small intestine, then there is a decrease in time it is
being absorbed =decreased absorption
First-pass effect - ANSWER- drugs absorbed in the small intestine are transported to the liver
where the liver may metabolize much of the drug before it enter ciculation.
Pharmacokinetics - ANSWER- The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of
drugs by the body.
Pharmacodynamics - ANSWER- The biochemical and physical effects of drugs and the
mechanisms of drug actions.
Pharmacotherapeutics - ANSWER- The use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases.
, Buccal - ANSWER- in the pouch between check and teeth (prevent destruction or
transformation in stomach or small intestine)
Sublingual - ANSWER- Under the tongue (prevent destruction or transformation in stomach
or small intestine)
Translingual - ANSWER- On the tongue (prevent destruction or transformation in stomach or
small intestine)
Gastric - ANSWER- -Allows direct administration of a drug into GI (through a tube placed
directly into GI call G-Tube)
-used when patients can't ingest orally
Intradermal - ANSWER- needle inserted 10- to 15- degree angle so it punctures only the skin's
surface (mainly diagnostics)
Intramuscular (IM) - ANSWER- Provide rapid systemic action and absorption of relatively
large doses (up to 3 ml)
-Aqueous suspensions
-solutions in oil
-drugs not available in oral
Intravenous (IV) - ANSWER- Directly into bloodstream through vein.
-drugs
-fluids
