NUR 211 Exam 1
What is the normal range for sodium levels? - ANS 135-145 mEq/L
What are some causes of hyponatremia? - ANS Addison's disease
diuretics
SIADH (dilutional)
What are some causes of hypernatremia? - ANS Cushing's disease
water deficit
diabetes insipidus (DI)
What are s/s of hyponatremia? - ANS confusion
seizures
muscle cramping & weakness
What are s/s of hypernatremia? - ANS confusion
seizures
FVE
muscle twitching
muscle weakness
What are interventions for hyponatremia? - ANS Na replacement (conivaptan hydrochloride)
treat the cause (I&O)
seizure precautions
daily weights
What are interventions for hypernatremia? - ANS Na restrictions
diuretics
treat the cause (I&O)
seizure precautions
daily weights
What are examples of foods that contain high levels of Na? - ANS boxed juices, canned drinks,
carrots, condiments, canned foods, seafood, pickled foods, smoked foods, & processed meats
use lemon juice & salt substitutes instead; Rolaids are high in Na!
Salt substitutes are high in what? - ANS potassium
What is the normal range for K+? - ANS 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
, What activity is significantly influenced by potassium? - ANS skeletal & cardiac activity
What are some causes of hypokalemia? - ANS loop diuretics
bronchodilators
steroids
Cushing's disease
V/D
GI suction
What are some causes of hyperkalemia? - ANS renal failure
Addison's disease
salt substitutes
PRBC
What are the s/s of hypokalemia? - ANS dysrhythmias (flat T waves)
decreased DTR, BP, & weak/thready pulse
What are s/s of hyperkalemia? - ANS dysrhythmias (spiked T waves & prolonged PR intervals)
muscle weakness & paralysis
What are interventions for hypokalemia? - ANS replace K+ (oral preferred)
treat cause
no "P"=no "K" (don't give K+ if not urinating)
What are interventions for hyperkalemia? - ANS sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate)
bumetanide, furosemide, bicarbonate
IV D10W w/ 10u reg. insulin
calcium gluconate
What can increase the risk of digoxin toxicity? - ANS hypokalemia (digoxin is frequently taken
w/ K-losing diuretics)
What foods are high in K+? - ANS melons, bananas, oranges, milk, dark green leafy veggies,
apricots, prunes, beans, potatoes, salt substitutes
What foods are low in K+? - ANS breads, cereals, asparagus, cabbage, cherries, blackberries,
blueberries
What is the normal range for phosphorus? - ANS 3-4.5 mg/dL
What is the normal range for Calcium? - ANS 9-10.5 mg/dL
What major role does Calcium have? - ANS nerve impulse transmission & regulation of muscle
contraction/relaxation
What is the normal range for sodium levels? - ANS 135-145 mEq/L
What are some causes of hyponatremia? - ANS Addison's disease
diuretics
SIADH (dilutional)
What are some causes of hypernatremia? - ANS Cushing's disease
water deficit
diabetes insipidus (DI)
What are s/s of hyponatremia? - ANS confusion
seizures
muscle cramping & weakness
What are s/s of hypernatremia? - ANS confusion
seizures
FVE
muscle twitching
muscle weakness
What are interventions for hyponatremia? - ANS Na replacement (conivaptan hydrochloride)
treat the cause (I&O)
seizure precautions
daily weights
What are interventions for hypernatremia? - ANS Na restrictions
diuretics
treat the cause (I&O)
seizure precautions
daily weights
What are examples of foods that contain high levels of Na? - ANS boxed juices, canned drinks,
carrots, condiments, canned foods, seafood, pickled foods, smoked foods, & processed meats
use lemon juice & salt substitutes instead; Rolaids are high in Na!
Salt substitutes are high in what? - ANS potassium
What is the normal range for K+? - ANS 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
, What activity is significantly influenced by potassium? - ANS skeletal & cardiac activity
What are some causes of hypokalemia? - ANS loop diuretics
bronchodilators
steroids
Cushing's disease
V/D
GI suction
What are some causes of hyperkalemia? - ANS renal failure
Addison's disease
salt substitutes
PRBC
What are the s/s of hypokalemia? - ANS dysrhythmias (flat T waves)
decreased DTR, BP, & weak/thready pulse
What are s/s of hyperkalemia? - ANS dysrhythmias (spiked T waves & prolonged PR intervals)
muscle weakness & paralysis
What are interventions for hypokalemia? - ANS replace K+ (oral preferred)
treat cause
no "P"=no "K" (don't give K+ if not urinating)
What are interventions for hyperkalemia? - ANS sodium polystyrene sulfonate (kayexalate)
bumetanide, furosemide, bicarbonate
IV D10W w/ 10u reg. insulin
calcium gluconate
What can increase the risk of digoxin toxicity? - ANS hypokalemia (digoxin is frequently taken
w/ K-losing diuretics)
What foods are high in K+? - ANS melons, bananas, oranges, milk, dark green leafy veggies,
apricots, prunes, beans, potatoes, salt substitutes
What foods are low in K+? - ANS breads, cereals, asparagus, cabbage, cherries, blackberries,
blueberries
What is the normal range for phosphorus? - ANS 3-4.5 mg/dL
What is the normal range for Calcium? - ANS 9-10.5 mg/dL
What major role does Calcium have? - ANS nerve impulse transmission & regulation of muscle
contraction/relaxation
