Hydration and Gastroenteritis Exam Questions with Complete Solutions Already Passed

Hydration and Gastroenteritis Exam Questions with Complete Solutions Already Passed Infants and young children are at increased risk for dehydration because (2): - Answers 1. greater percentage of body water 2. more rapid metabolic rate and water turnover Elders are at increased risk for dehydration because (3): - Answers 1. reduced kidney function 2. less resilient body systems 3. more likely to take meds that affect fluid balance Dehydration may be caused by the following (4): - Answers 1. diarrhea and vomiting 2. inadequate intake 3. excessive urine loss 4. loss of other body fluids What can contribute to loss of other body fluids (4): - Answers 1. draining wounds 2. gastric suction or ostomies 3. burns 4. excessive sweating What are the 2 main causes of overhydration? - Answers 1. Fluid retention 2. Excessive intake What are 4 main causes of fluid retention? - Answers 1. heart disease 2. renal disease 3. SIADH 4. Drugs What are the 3 main causes of fluid shifts? - Answers 1. burns 2. renal disease 3. liver disease What are 4 common causes of hypokalemia? - Answers 1. diuretics 2. excessive GI losses 3. inadequate intake/replacement 4. DKA in children What are 4 common causes of hyperkalemia? - Answers 1. renal failure 2. diuretics 3. improper meds/IV therapy 4. DKA in adults What are 5 common causes of hyponatremia? - Answers 1. fluid retention (dilution) 2. excessive losses (GI or wounds) 3. excessive diuresis or diaphoresis 4. hypoaldosteronism 5. drugs What are 3 common causes of hypernatremia? - Answers 1. dehydration, inadequate fluid intake 2. corticosteroids 3. hyperaldosteronism What are 2 causes of metabolic acidosis? - Answers 1. DKA 2. Renal disease What causes respiratory acidosis? - Answers any condition that reduces ventilation, hence causing a retention of CO2 What are 3 causes of metabolic alkalosis? - Answers 1. vomiting 2. GI suctioning 3. diuretics What are 2 common causes of respiratory alkalosis? - Answers 1. hyperventilation 2. ventilator induced hyperventilation What is the formula to determine basic fluid requirements for children and adults? - Answers 1. change lbs to kg 2. the first 0-10 kg is multiplied by 100 ml/kg 3. the next 10-20 kg is multiplied by 50 ml/kg 4. greater than 20 kg is multiplied by 20 ml/kg Common causes of vomiting include (6): - Answers 1. gastroenteritis 2. GB or pancreatic disease 3. obstruction or gastroparesis 4. non-GI illness/infection 5. medications 6. pregnancy What is a less common cause of vomiting? - Answers CNS (migraine, malignancy) What is commonly assessed in the history of a patient presenting with c/o vomiting (10)? - Answers 1. Onset, duration, 2. How much, how often, 3. Relationship to diet, eating, alcohol intake 4. appearance, 5. associated symptoms (pain), 6. lethargy, 7. oral intake, urine output, 8. ill contacts 9. LMP in women, 10. meds, drugs What should be included in the physical exam of a patient presenting with vomiting (7)? - Answers 1. Hydration status 2. CV status 3. Color 4. Fever 5. ABD exam 6. Possible rectal exam 7. Possible neuro exam What labs should be considered in evaluating a patient for vomiting (7)? - Answers 1. CMP 2. Pregnancy test 3. Drug levels