PHYSIOLOGY NBME ACTUAL TEST 456 QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
AIS - ANSWER..deficiency of androgen receptor
normally male --> look female
testosterone levels are elevated but no R
puberty (male and female) - ANSWER..onset of pulsatile GnRH
-FSH and LH are pulsatile
-GnRH self up-regulates
childhood and FSH/LH - ANSWER..FSH>LH
lowest H amount
puberty/reproductive years - ANSWER..LH>FSH
senescence - ANSWER..H are highest
FSH>LH
theca cells - ANSWER..produce testosterone via LH --> granulosa cells
granulosa cells - ANSWER..has aromatase
-converts T --> 17 beta estradiol via FSH
estrogen actions - ANSWER..maturation of tubes, uterus, cervix, vag
-breast development
-granulosa cell development
-maintain pregnancy
-stimulates PRL secretion (but blocks action at breast)
-breast development
progesterone - ANSWER..negative feedback on FSH/LH during luteal phase
-secretory activity of uterus during luteal phase
-pregnancy maintain
-development of breast
,follicular phase - ANSWER..0--> 14
-primordial follicle develops
-estradiol increases. P low.
-proliferation of uterus
-FSH/LH low
ovulation - ANSWER..14 days before menses
-estradiol burst = positive feedback (LH surge)
-E decreases after ovulation
-cervical mucus increases: more penetratable
luteal phase - ANSWER..14-28
-Corpus luteum develops to synthesize E and P
-endometrium vasculature increases
-body temp increases
no fertilization = CL regresses and E and P drop
menses - ANSWER..0-4
-endometrium sloughed out
pregnancy - fertilization - ANSWER..CL is rescued by HCG (produced by
placenta)
1st trimester - ANSWER..CL = maintains E and P
-peak of HCG at 9 week mark. then decreases
2nd and 3rd trimester - ANSWER..P made by placenta
-E made by fetal adrenal gland (DHEA-S) and placenta
this estrogen is estriol
human placental lactogen is made in pregnancy
parturition - ANSWER..P increases threshold for uterine contraction throughout
pregnancy
,-E/P ratio increases
-initiating event is unknown!
lactation - ANSWER..E and P stimulate growth and development of breasts
-PRL increases but is blocked. After birth, E and P drop suddenly and PRL is
ready!
suppression of ovulation b/c of lactation (PRL) - ANSWER..inhibits GnRH
inhibits LH and FSH
antagonizes actions of LH/FSH on ovaries
phentolamine - ANSWER..alpha blocking agent (symp)
propranolol - ANSWER..beta blocking agent (symp)
phenylphrine - ANSWER..alpha 1 agonist
colloid osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure - ANSWER..osmotic pressure made
from proteins
reflection coefficient (sigma) - ANSWER..ease that solute permeates a membrane
-1 = impermeable solute (albumin) --causes water mvment/osm effects (effective)
-0 = completely permeable (urea) -- causes no water mvment/osmotic effects
(ineffective osm)
effective osmotic P - ANSWER..osmotic P * reflection coefficient
ion channels are - ANSWER..1. selective: size and charge
2. open/closed
3. conductance: high if open (controlled by gates)
Voltage gated - ANSWER..-activation gate of Na: depolarization opens it
-inactivation gate of Na: depolarization closes it
ligand gated channels - ANSWER..opened/closed by H, 2nd messengers, nt
-nicotinic receptor opens when Ach binds
, diffusion potential - ANSWER..potential difference generated ax a membrane b/c
of a concentration of an ion
-membrane must be permeable to the ion
-usually doesn't cause changes in [] of ions
size of DP - ANSWER..depends on size of the gradient
sign of the DP - ANSWER..whether diffusing ion is positively or negatively
charged
electrochemical equilibrium - ANSWER..chemical and electrical (equilibrium
potential) driving forces are equal
Nernst equation - equilibrium potentials - ANSWER..E = -60/z log10
(Cintra/Cextra)
-2.3(RT/zf) = 60/z
-z is charge (including number) of the ion
negative sign tells you the charge inside the cell. So you can intuitively figure it
out by the movement of the ion
potential Na - ANSWER..65 mV
potential Ca - ANSWER..120
potential K and Cl - ANSWER..-85
resting membrane potential - ANSWER..-70 (cell is negative)
---more permeable to the potentials that are closest to the resting membrane
potential (whatever that may be)
--in AP: at -70 b/c high conductance to K only
depolarization - ANSWER..membrane is more positive (inward current)
hyperpolarization - ANSWER..membrane is more negative (outward current)
upstroke of AP - ANSWER..inward current --> depolarization
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS (100% VERIFIED
ANSWERS) |ALREADY GRADED A+
AIS - ANSWER..deficiency of androgen receptor
normally male --> look female
testosterone levels are elevated but no R
puberty (male and female) - ANSWER..onset of pulsatile GnRH
-FSH and LH are pulsatile
-GnRH self up-regulates
childhood and FSH/LH - ANSWER..FSH>LH
lowest H amount
puberty/reproductive years - ANSWER..LH>FSH
senescence - ANSWER..H are highest
FSH>LH
theca cells - ANSWER..produce testosterone via LH --> granulosa cells
granulosa cells - ANSWER..has aromatase
-converts T --> 17 beta estradiol via FSH
estrogen actions - ANSWER..maturation of tubes, uterus, cervix, vag
-breast development
-granulosa cell development
-maintain pregnancy
-stimulates PRL secretion (but blocks action at breast)
-breast development
progesterone - ANSWER..negative feedback on FSH/LH during luteal phase
-secretory activity of uterus during luteal phase
-pregnancy maintain
-development of breast
,follicular phase - ANSWER..0--> 14
-primordial follicle develops
-estradiol increases. P low.
-proliferation of uterus
-FSH/LH low
ovulation - ANSWER..14 days before menses
-estradiol burst = positive feedback (LH surge)
-E decreases after ovulation
-cervical mucus increases: more penetratable
luteal phase - ANSWER..14-28
-Corpus luteum develops to synthesize E and P
-endometrium vasculature increases
-body temp increases
no fertilization = CL regresses and E and P drop
menses - ANSWER..0-4
-endometrium sloughed out
pregnancy - fertilization - ANSWER..CL is rescued by HCG (produced by
placenta)
1st trimester - ANSWER..CL = maintains E and P
-peak of HCG at 9 week mark. then decreases
2nd and 3rd trimester - ANSWER..P made by placenta
-E made by fetal adrenal gland (DHEA-S) and placenta
this estrogen is estriol
human placental lactogen is made in pregnancy
parturition - ANSWER..P increases threshold for uterine contraction throughout
pregnancy
,-E/P ratio increases
-initiating event is unknown!
lactation - ANSWER..E and P stimulate growth and development of breasts
-PRL increases but is blocked. After birth, E and P drop suddenly and PRL is
ready!
suppression of ovulation b/c of lactation (PRL) - ANSWER..inhibits GnRH
inhibits LH and FSH
antagonizes actions of LH/FSH on ovaries
phentolamine - ANSWER..alpha blocking agent (symp)
propranolol - ANSWER..beta blocking agent (symp)
phenylphrine - ANSWER..alpha 1 agonist
colloid osmotic pressure/oncotic pressure - ANSWER..osmotic pressure made
from proteins
reflection coefficient (sigma) - ANSWER..ease that solute permeates a membrane
-1 = impermeable solute (albumin) --causes water mvment/osm effects (effective)
-0 = completely permeable (urea) -- causes no water mvment/osmotic effects
(ineffective osm)
effective osmotic P - ANSWER..osmotic P * reflection coefficient
ion channels are - ANSWER..1. selective: size and charge
2. open/closed
3. conductance: high if open (controlled by gates)
Voltage gated - ANSWER..-activation gate of Na: depolarization opens it
-inactivation gate of Na: depolarization closes it
ligand gated channels - ANSWER..opened/closed by H, 2nd messengers, nt
-nicotinic receptor opens when Ach binds
, diffusion potential - ANSWER..potential difference generated ax a membrane b/c
of a concentration of an ion
-membrane must be permeable to the ion
-usually doesn't cause changes in [] of ions
size of DP - ANSWER..depends on size of the gradient
sign of the DP - ANSWER..whether diffusing ion is positively or negatively
charged
electrochemical equilibrium - ANSWER..chemical and electrical (equilibrium
potential) driving forces are equal
Nernst equation - equilibrium potentials - ANSWER..E = -60/z log10
(Cintra/Cextra)
-2.3(RT/zf) = 60/z
-z is charge (including number) of the ion
negative sign tells you the charge inside the cell. So you can intuitively figure it
out by the movement of the ion
potential Na - ANSWER..65 mV
potential Ca - ANSWER..120
potential K and Cl - ANSWER..-85
resting membrane potential - ANSWER..-70 (cell is negative)
---more permeable to the potentials that are closest to the resting membrane
potential (whatever that may be)
--in AP: at -70 b/c high conductance to K only
depolarization - ANSWER..membrane is more positive (inward current)
hyperpolarization - ANSWER..membrane is more negative (outward current)
upstroke of AP - ANSWER..inward current --> depolarization
