10/17/24, 1:30 PM AQA A Level Biology/AQA A-level BIOLOGY ( comprehensive questions and verified answers/100% correct solutions) 2024-2…
AQA A Level Biology/AQA A-level BIOLOGY (
comprehensive questions and verified
answers/100% correct solutions) 2024-2025
update
Terms in this set (950)
- cytotoxic cells
what are killer t-cells?
- bind to non-self antigens
1. virus attaches to and enters host cell
2. viral DNA causes host cell to express viral
antigens on its surface
how to killer t-cells work? 3. killer t-cells attaches to viral antigens on infected
cells
4. killer t-cells induces death of infected cell
(apoptosis)
what is apoptosis? programmed cell death
- cancerous = mutations
how do killer t-cells - mutations = abnormal antigens
destroy cancer? - killer t-cell binds to abnormal antigens
- killer t-cells induces death of cancerous cell
creates holes in the cell membranes in order to
What does perforin do?
destroy the infected cell
- produce cytokines
what do helper t-cells - cytokines stimulate b-cells to divide into plasma
do? and memory cells
- activate killer t-cells
help humoral response by involvement in the
define helper t-cells maturation of b-cells and by triggering the
production of antibodies by b-cells
https://quizlet.com/958585835/aqa-a-level-biologyaqa-a-level-biology-comprehensive-questions-and-verified-answers100-correct-solutions-2024… 1/98
,10/17/24, 1:30 PM AQA A Level Biology/AQA A-level BIOLOGY ( comprehensive questions and verified answers/100% correct solutions) 2024-2…
- halt immune response
- prevent wastage of energy and resources
what do suppressor t-
- prevent overactive immune response
cells do?
- causes reduction of white blood cells after being
ill
work in the same way as memory b-cells, ensuring
define memory t-cells rapid response on subsequent exposure to the
same non-self antigens
regulate the immune response by suppressing
define suppressor t-cells
activity of killer t-cells and b-cells
organism that is too small to be seen without a
define 'microorganism'
microscope
define 'pathogen' microorganism that causes disease
1. phagocyte follows conc gradient of
chemoattractants
2. phagocyte attaches to pathogen
3. pathogen engulfed and placed in a vesicle
(phagosome)
4. lysosomes migrate to phagosome and bind with it
outline phagocytosis to form a phagolysosome
--> lytic enzymes released from lysosome
5. pathogen digested
6. useful parts absorbed
7. all waste products released by exocytosis
8. non-self antigens of the pathogen displayed on
the phagocytes surface (antigen-presenting)
where are t-cells made? thymus gland
where do b-cells bone marrow
mature?
- humoral response
what do b-cells do? - release antibodies
- complementary to a specific antigen
what response are primary
plasma cells?
https://quizlet.com/958585835/aqa-a-level-biologyaqa-a-level-biology-comprehensive-questions-and-verified-answers100-correct-solutions-2024… 2/98
,10/17/24, 1:30 PM AQA A Level Biology/AQA A-level BIOLOGY ( comprehensive questions and verified answers/100% correct solutions) 2024-2…
what response are secondary
memory b-cells?
1. antigen attaches to complementary antibody on
b-cell
outline the humoral 2. antigen taken into cell (endocytosis)
response 3. presented on cell surface membrane
4. t-helper cells bind to antigen and stimulate b-cell
to divide
what does mitosis do in - forms clones of b-cells (plasma and memory)
humoral response? - clonal response
each clone can produce one type of antibody
what do clones do?
(monoclonal) which can be used in medicine
- primary response
- secrete antibodies
outline plasma cells - only survive for a few day
- slow response = person gets ill before pathogen is
killed
- secondary response
- circulated in blood and tissue fluid
outline memory cells
- divide rapidly
- rapid response so person doesn't get ill
what is an antibody? y-shaped globular protein produced by b-cells
where are antibodies plasma b-cells
produced?
what are antibodies 4 polypeptide chains -- 2 heavy, 2 light
made of?
what are the two regions - variable
an antigen is made of? - constant
what is special about the complementary and specific to an antigen
variable region?
what are the chains disulphide bridge
bonded by?
why do antibodies have a to allow the antibody to move to bind to more than
hinge region? one antigen
https://quizlet.com/958585835/aqa-a-level-biologyaqa-a-level-biology-comprehensive-questions-and-verified-answers100-correct-solutions-2024… 3/98
, 10/17/24, 1:30 PM AQA A Level Biology/AQA A-level BIOLOGY ( comprehensive questions and verified answers/100% correct solutions) 2024-2…
the process by which large quantities of antibodies
what is 'monoclonal
(targeted against a particular antigen) can be
antibody production'
produced
- mouse immunised by injection of antigen to
stimulate production of antibodies
- plasma cells isolated from spleen
how are monoclonal
- plasma cells fuse with tumor cells to form a
antibodies produced?
hybridoma
- hybridoma produces large amounts of identical
antibody molecules
what is the scientific term myeloma
for a tumor cell?
what can be monoclonal specific probe to track down and purify specific
antibodies be used as? protein that induced its transformation
what needs to happen to humanisation
monoclonal antibodies
before human use?
why do monoclonal to stop the trigger of an immune response
antibodies need to be
'humanised' before used
by humans?
- pregnancy tests
what are monoclonal
- diagnostic tools for AIDS
antibodies used for?
- industrial production of interferon
a dead or weakened version of a disease with
what is a vaccine?
relevant antigens
introduction of a vaccine containing appropriate
what is a vaccination? disease antigens into the body to induce artificial
immunity
- pathogen stimulaties wbc into making antigens
- dead or inactive pathogen enter body via injection
how do vaccines work? - antibodies stick to antigens and clump them
together
- memory cells = immunity
https://quizlet.com/958585835/aqa-a-level-biologyaqa-a-level-biology-comprehensive-questions-and-verified-answers100-correct-solutions-2024… 4/98
AQA A Level Biology/AQA A-level BIOLOGY (
comprehensive questions and verified
answers/100% correct solutions) 2024-2025
update
Terms in this set (950)
- cytotoxic cells
what are killer t-cells?
- bind to non-self antigens
1. virus attaches to and enters host cell
2. viral DNA causes host cell to express viral
antigens on its surface
how to killer t-cells work? 3. killer t-cells attaches to viral antigens on infected
cells
4. killer t-cells induces death of infected cell
(apoptosis)
what is apoptosis? programmed cell death
- cancerous = mutations
how do killer t-cells - mutations = abnormal antigens
destroy cancer? - killer t-cell binds to abnormal antigens
- killer t-cells induces death of cancerous cell
creates holes in the cell membranes in order to
What does perforin do?
destroy the infected cell
- produce cytokines
what do helper t-cells - cytokines stimulate b-cells to divide into plasma
do? and memory cells
- activate killer t-cells
help humoral response by involvement in the
define helper t-cells maturation of b-cells and by triggering the
production of antibodies by b-cells
https://quizlet.com/958585835/aqa-a-level-biologyaqa-a-level-biology-comprehensive-questions-and-verified-answers100-correct-solutions-2024… 1/98
,10/17/24, 1:30 PM AQA A Level Biology/AQA A-level BIOLOGY ( comprehensive questions and verified answers/100% correct solutions) 2024-2…
- halt immune response
- prevent wastage of energy and resources
what do suppressor t-
- prevent overactive immune response
cells do?
- causes reduction of white blood cells after being
ill
work in the same way as memory b-cells, ensuring
define memory t-cells rapid response on subsequent exposure to the
same non-self antigens
regulate the immune response by suppressing
define suppressor t-cells
activity of killer t-cells and b-cells
organism that is too small to be seen without a
define 'microorganism'
microscope
define 'pathogen' microorganism that causes disease
1. phagocyte follows conc gradient of
chemoattractants
2. phagocyte attaches to pathogen
3. pathogen engulfed and placed in a vesicle
(phagosome)
4. lysosomes migrate to phagosome and bind with it
outline phagocytosis to form a phagolysosome
--> lytic enzymes released from lysosome
5. pathogen digested
6. useful parts absorbed
7. all waste products released by exocytosis
8. non-self antigens of the pathogen displayed on
the phagocytes surface (antigen-presenting)
where are t-cells made? thymus gland
where do b-cells bone marrow
mature?
- humoral response
what do b-cells do? - release antibodies
- complementary to a specific antigen
what response are primary
plasma cells?
https://quizlet.com/958585835/aqa-a-level-biologyaqa-a-level-biology-comprehensive-questions-and-verified-answers100-correct-solutions-2024… 2/98
,10/17/24, 1:30 PM AQA A Level Biology/AQA A-level BIOLOGY ( comprehensive questions and verified answers/100% correct solutions) 2024-2…
what response are secondary
memory b-cells?
1. antigen attaches to complementary antibody on
b-cell
outline the humoral 2. antigen taken into cell (endocytosis)
response 3. presented on cell surface membrane
4. t-helper cells bind to antigen and stimulate b-cell
to divide
what does mitosis do in - forms clones of b-cells (plasma and memory)
humoral response? - clonal response
each clone can produce one type of antibody
what do clones do?
(monoclonal) which can be used in medicine
- primary response
- secrete antibodies
outline plasma cells - only survive for a few day
- slow response = person gets ill before pathogen is
killed
- secondary response
- circulated in blood and tissue fluid
outline memory cells
- divide rapidly
- rapid response so person doesn't get ill
what is an antibody? y-shaped globular protein produced by b-cells
where are antibodies plasma b-cells
produced?
what are antibodies 4 polypeptide chains -- 2 heavy, 2 light
made of?
what are the two regions - variable
an antigen is made of? - constant
what is special about the complementary and specific to an antigen
variable region?
what are the chains disulphide bridge
bonded by?
why do antibodies have a to allow the antibody to move to bind to more than
hinge region? one antigen
https://quizlet.com/958585835/aqa-a-level-biologyaqa-a-level-biology-comprehensive-questions-and-verified-answers100-correct-solutions-2024… 3/98
, 10/17/24, 1:30 PM AQA A Level Biology/AQA A-level BIOLOGY ( comprehensive questions and verified answers/100% correct solutions) 2024-2…
the process by which large quantities of antibodies
what is 'monoclonal
(targeted against a particular antigen) can be
antibody production'
produced
- mouse immunised by injection of antigen to
stimulate production of antibodies
- plasma cells isolated from spleen
how are monoclonal
- plasma cells fuse with tumor cells to form a
antibodies produced?
hybridoma
- hybridoma produces large amounts of identical
antibody molecules
what is the scientific term myeloma
for a tumor cell?
what can be monoclonal specific probe to track down and purify specific
antibodies be used as? protein that induced its transformation
what needs to happen to humanisation
monoclonal antibodies
before human use?
why do monoclonal to stop the trigger of an immune response
antibodies need to be
'humanised' before used
by humans?
- pregnancy tests
what are monoclonal
- diagnostic tools for AIDS
antibodies used for?
- industrial production of interferon
a dead or weakened version of a disease with
what is a vaccine?
relevant antigens
introduction of a vaccine containing appropriate
what is a vaccination? disease antigens into the body to induce artificial
immunity
- pathogen stimulaties wbc into making antigens
- dead or inactive pathogen enter body via injection
how do vaccines work? - antibodies stick to antigens and clump them
together
- memory cells = immunity
https://quizlet.com/958585835/aqa-a-level-biologyaqa-a-level-biology-comprehensive-questions-and-verified-answers100-correct-solutions-2024… 4/98
