INTRO TO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE -
CHAPTER 5 & 6 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
Silviculture, selective cutting and shelter wood cutting - ANSWER Silviculture - Silviculture is the practice
of controlling the growth, composition/structure, and quality of forests to meet values and needs,
specifically timber production.
selective cutting - Selection cutting, also known as selective cutting, is the silvicultural practice of
harvesting trees in a way that moves a forest stand towards an uneven-aged or all-aged condition, or
'structure'.
shelter wood cutting - refers to the progression of forest cuttings leading to the establishment of a new
generation of seedlings of a particular species or group of species without planting. This silvicultural
system is normally implemented in forests that are considered mature, often after several thinnings.
Sustainable forest management - ANSWER is the management of forests according to the principles of
sustainable development. Sustainable forest management has to keep the balance between three main
pillars: ecological, economic and socio-cultural.
type of forest management that attempts to meet needs of today & anticipate needs/availability of
forest resources for tomorrow
Forest certification - ANSWER is a voluntary process whereby an independent third party (the "certifier")
assesses the quality of forest management and production against a set of requirements ("standards")
predetermined by a public or private certificationorganization.
How are the oceans in trouble? - ANSWER We are over harvesting fish from the oceans. We are polluting
the oceans. And we are killing the ecosystems like coral reefs because we are touching them, which
causes them to die and not be able to support the ecosystem.
Benefits of seafood certification - ANSWER A method whereby third party groups review methods of a
company or fishery to show that they meet set standards identified by experts or regulators that assist in
minimizing social and environmental impacts"1: Environmental practices2: Social practices3: Food
safety4: Traceability
,Examples of U.S Protected lands - ANSWER protected areas of the United States constituted 499,800
square miles.
National Park System (1872) ...
National Forests & Grasslands (1891) ...
National Wildlife Refuge System (1903) ...
National Monuments (1906) ...
National Wilderness Preservation System (1964) ...
National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (1968) ...
National Marine Sanctuary System (1972) ...
National Estuarine Research Reserves (1972)
Demography and demographers - ANSWER Demography - the study of statistics such as births, deaths,
income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
demographers - an expert in the study of statistics relating to the changing structure of human
populations.
R and K strategists - ANSWER R - Produce lots of offspring in a short time
K - Produce few offspring over a lifetime
Definition of population - ANSWER A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the
same area that breed freely
Differentiate between the industrial revolution, medical revolution, green revolution, environmental
revolution - ANSWER industrial revolution- 19th century, development of manufacturing process using
fossil fuels based on applications of scientific knowledge.
medical revolution - medical advances and public sanitation that lead to great reductions in mortality,
beginnning late 1800's and still continuing
, green revolution - development and introduction of new varieties of wheat and rice that have increased
yields per acre dramatically in most countries since the 1960's
environmental revolution - in the view of some, a coming change in the adaptions of humans to the
rising deterioration of the environment. Should bring sustainable interactions among the environment.
Do humans have a carrying capacity? - ANSWER We do have a carrying capacity, but when we are near it,
we find ways to overcome it. Overcoming it, increases our carrying capacity.
Indices of wellbeing - Human Development Index & Human Poverty Index - ANSWER Human
Development Index - is a statistical tool used to measure a country's overall achievement in its social and
economic dimensions. as the geometric mean (equally-weighted) of life expectancy, education, and GNI
per capita, as follows: The education dimension is the arithmetic mean of the two education indices
(mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling).
Human Poverty Index - is a composite index of poverty that focuses on deprivations in human lives,
aimed at measuring poverty as a failure in capabilities in multiple dimensions, in contrast to the
conventional headcount measure focused on low incomes. compares pre-tax cash income against a
threshold that is set at three times the cost of a minimum food diet in 1963 and adjusted for family size.
How does the World Bank classify countries in terms of economic categories ? - ANSWER high, upper-
middle, lower-middle, and low.
Compare and contrast the terms conservation and preservation - ANSWER Conservation is the
management of resources in such a way as to assure that it will continue to provide maximum benefit to
humans over the long run.
Preservation is to ensure the continuity of species and ecosystems, regardless of their potential utility.
Chapter 5
How did the volcanoes in Iceland and the Philippines change the environment to lesser or greater extent.
- ANSWER Iceland - The ash from the volcano spread across Western Europe, clouding the sky and
closing down all air travel for days. Ash fell to the ground making the grass unfit for consumption by
cattle and horses, and making driving impossible.
CHAPTER 5 & 6 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
WITH SOLUTIONS 2024
Silviculture, selective cutting and shelter wood cutting - ANSWER Silviculture - Silviculture is the practice
of controlling the growth, composition/structure, and quality of forests to meet values and needs,
specifically timber production.
selective cutting - Selection cutting, also known as selective cutting, is the silvicultural practice of
harvesting trees in a way that moves a forest stand towards an uneven-aged or all-aged condition, or
'structure'.
shelter wood cutting - refers to the progression of forest cuttings leading to the establishment of a new
generation of seedlings of a particular species or group of species without planting. This silvicultural
system is normally implemented in forests that are considered mature, often after several thinnings.
Sustainable forest management - ANSWER is the management of forests according to the principles of
sustainable development. Sustainable forest management has to keep the balance between three main
pillars: ecological, economic and socio-cultural.
type of forest management that attempts to meet needs of today & anticipate needs/availability of
forest resources for tomorrow
Forest certification - ANSWER is a voluntary process whereby an independent third party (the "certifier")
assesses the quality of forest management and production against a set of requirements ("standards")
predetermined by a public or private certificationorganization.
How are the oceans in trouble? - ANSWER We are over harvesting fish from the oceans. We are polluting
the oceans. And we are killing the ecosystems like coral reefs because we are touching them, which
causes them to die and not be able to support the ecosystem.
Benefits of seafood certification - ANSWER A method whereby third party groups review methods of a
company or fishery to show that they meet set standards identified by experts or regulators that assist in
minimizing social and environmental impacts"1: Environmental practices2: Social practices3: Food
safety4: Traceability
,Examples of U.S Protected lands - ANSWER protected areas of the United States constituted 499,800
square miles.
National Park System (1872) ...
National Forests & Grasslands (1891) ...
National Wildlife Refuge System (1903) ...
National Monuments (1906) ...
National Wilderness Preservation System (1964) ...
National Wild and Scenic Rivers System (1968) ...
National Marine Sanctuary System (1972) ...
National Estuarine Research Reserves (1972)
Demography and demographers - ANSWER Demography - the study of statistics such as births, deaths,
income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
demographers - an expert in the study of statistics relating to the changing structure of human
populations.
R and K strategists - ANSWER R - Produce lots of offspring in a short time
K - Produce few offspring over a lifetime
Definition of population - ANSWER A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the
same area that breed freely
Differentiate between the industrial revolution, medical revolution, green revolution, environmental
revolution - ANSWER industrial revolution- 19th century, development of manufacturing process using
fossil fuels based on applications of scientific knowledge.
medical revolution - medical advances and public sanitation that lead to great reductions in mortality,
beginnning late 1800's and still continuing
, green revolution - development and introduction of new varieties of wheat and rice that have increased
yields per acre dramatically in most countries since the 1960's
environmental revolution - in the view of some, a coming change in the adaptions of humans to the
rising deterioration of the environment. Should bring sustainable interactions among the environment.
Do humans have a carrying capacity? - ANSWER We do have a carrying capacity, but when we are near it,
we find ways to overcome it. Overcoming it, increases our carrying capacity.
Indices of wellbeing - Human Development Index & Human Poverty Index - ANSWER Human
Development Index - is a statistical tool used to measure a country's overall achievement in its social and
economic dimensions. as the geometric mean (equally-weighted) of life expectancy, education, and GNI
per capita, as follows: The education dimension is the arithmetic mean of the two education indices
(mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling).
Human Poverty Index - is a composite index of poverty that focuses on deprivations in human lives,
aimed at measuring poverty as a failure in capabilities in multiple dimensions, in contrast to the
conventional headcount measure focused on low incomes. compares pre-tax cash income against a
threshold that is set at three times the cost of a minimum food diet in 1963 and adjusted for family size.
How does the World Bank classify countries in terms of economic categories ? - ANSWER high, upper-
middle, lower-middle, and low.
Compare and contrast the terms conservation and preservation - ANSWER Conservation is the
management of resources in such a way as to assure that it will continue to provide maximum benefit to
humans over the long run.
Preservation is to ensure the continuity of species and ecosystems, regardless of their potential utility.
Chapter 5
How did the volcanoes in Iceland and the Philippines change the environment to lesser or greater extent.
- ANSWER Iceland - The ash from the volcano spread across Western Europe, clouding the sky and
closing down all air travel for days. Ash fell to the ground making the grass unfit for consumption by
cattle and horses, and making driving impossible.
