Genetics
• Genetics Shmemetics
• Genetics – The study of heredity.
• Heredity Terms: Shares a Latin root with the Middle English heir.
- Transmission of life info from organism to its prodigy
• Chromosome
- Prokaryotic: circular, infinite, double helix ( no higher organization)
- Eukaryotic: linear, finite, double helix (orange balls AKA protein histones that DNA is
wound around and histones pack together into spiral)
Supercoiling: bacterial chromosome twists up on itself instead of wrapping around protein
Chromosomes contain info. critical to continuous survival
- Survival AND reproduction
One cell one chromosome
- Except Vibrio Cholerae: has two chromosomes that are NOT paired, one is smaller than
the other. (Only one example)
• Base pair
- TA(adenine, thymine), CG(cytosine, guanine)
- Pair of nucleotides that reside on different DNA strands that are associated dby
hydrogen bond
• Gene
- The basic foundational unit
- Nucleotides that sit next to each other in a line
- Some genes just make RNA, some make proteins
• Locus: position (location) of gene within chromosome OR extrachromosomal DNA
• Allele (Duon): Gene locus is a different color: color of flowers: Two different types of
gene: Duon: Dual use codons: genes that code for product under certain conditions
- Prokaryotes usually have only 1 allele
- Eukaryotes have 2
• Mutation
• Plasmid: smaller (than chromosome) extra chromosomal pieces of DNA, circular, contain
1 or more genes not essential for survival
- May have special abilities: Bioshock 1
• Mutation
- Change in nucleotide sequence
• Library stack: DNA is information storage – Necessary for life.
• A gene of 60 base pairs has 12,960,000 possible sequences.
• E. coli has a genome of 5,000,000 base pairs. Not all make proteins.
• Ouroboros – Kekulé’s Dream
- discovered structure of benzene
• Information transfer – DNA as a self-replicating template of itself.
• Replication – Using DNA to make new DNA polymer.
- sitting at textbook working on chemistry, took a nap, had a vision of a snake eating it’s
own tail and because of that vision he made the leap that this was the structure of
benzene
, • Transcription – Using DNA to make temporary mRNA polymer.
• Translation – Using mRNA to make protein polymer.
• Reverse Transcription – Using RNA to make DNA.
• Replication Situation
• Antiparallel – 3’ & 5’
- 3 prime end and 5 prime end
- Opposite directions from one and other
- Antiparallel
• Origin
- singular bacteria chromosome (where replication begins), two strands are split apart
• Replication forks: Figure 7.4
- Where replication is actively being born
• Helicase
- one of the enzymes that gets in to break down hydrogen bonds and unwind the strands
(not the only enzyme that does it)
• DNA polymerase
- The enzyme that actively detects what’s on the old strand, brings in nucleotides to write
new strand
• Leading strand: when DNA polymerase starts doing replication it might try to run same
direction on another strand (not intended)
- 3’ to 5’ then 5’ to 3’
- The one on bottom
• Lagging strand: the strand on top
• Okazaki fragment: found on lagging strand
- first write pieces by polymerase
• RNA primer
- polymerase follows primer that stimulates everything
• Ligase: end of sythising “glue” enzyme
• Semiconservative replication: each copy at the end (one piece old and one piece new)
- some old (conservative)
- Some new (semi)
• Transcription Prescription
- DNA to RNA
• Transcription – DNA to RNA.
• H-bonds broken to expose bases.
• Requires phosphorylated nucleotides.
- have to have nucleotides that have been reduced
- - attached to chain
• RNA contains U instead of T.
• RNA polymerase
- similar to DNA polymerase
• Within a eukaryote or archaea gene:
• Exons – Coding regions.
• Introns – Non-coding regions
• Genetics Shmemetics
• Genetics – The study of heredity.
• Heredity Terms: Shares a Latin root with the Middle English heir.
- Transmission of life info from organism to its prodigy
• Chromosome
- Prokaryotic: circular, infinite, double helix ( no higher organization)
- Eukaryotic: linear, finite, double helix (orange balls AKA protein histones that DNA is
wound around and histones pack together into spiral)
Supercoiling: bacterial chromosome twists up on itself instead of wrapping around protein
Chromosomes contain info. critical to continuous survival
- Survival AND reproduction
One cell one chromosome
- Except Vibrio Cholerae: has two chromosomes that are NOT paired, one is smaller than
the other. (Only one example)
• Base pair
- TA(adenine, thymine), CG(cytosine, guanine)
- Pair of nucleotides that reside on different DNA strands that are associated dby
hydrogen bond
• Gene
- The basic foundational unit
- Nucleotides that sit next to each other in a line
- Some genes just make RNA, some make proteins
• Locus: position (location) of gene within chromosome OR extrachromosomal DNA
• Allele (Duon): Gene locus is a different color: color of flowers: Two different types of
gene: Duon: Dual use codons: genes that code for product under certain conditions
- Prokaryotes usually have only 1 allele
- Eukaryotes have 2
• Mutation
• Plasmid: smaller (than chromosome) extra chromosomal pieces of DNA, circular, contain
1 or more genes not essential for survival
- May have special abilities: Bioshock 1
• Mutation
- Change in nucleotide sequence
• Library stack: DNA is information storage – Necessary for life.
• A gene of 60 base pairs has 12,960,000 possible sequences.
• E. coli has a genome of 5,000,000 base pairs. Not all make proteins.
• Ouroboros – Kekulé’s Dream
- discovered structure of benzene
• Information transfer – DNA as a self-replicating template of itself.
• Replication – Using DNA to make new DNA polymer.
- sitting at textbook working on chemistry, took a nap, had a vision of a snake eating it’s
own tail and because of that vision he made the leap that this was the structure of
benzene
, • Transcription – Using DNA to make temporary mRNA polymer.
• Translation – Using mRNA to make protein polymer.
• Reverse Transcription – Using RNA to make DNA.
• Replication Situation
• Antiparallel – 3’ & 5’
- 3 prime end and 5 prime end
- Opposite directions from one and other
- Antiparallel
• Origin
- singular bacteria chromosome (where replication begins), two strands are split apart
• Replication forks: Figure 7.4
- Where replication is actively being born
• Helicase
- one of the enzymes that gets in to break down hydrogen bonds and unwind the strands
(not the only enzyme that does it)
• DNA polymerase
- The enzyme that actively detects what’s on the old strand, brings in nucleotides to write
new strand
• Leading strand: when DNA polymerase starts doing replication it might try to run same
direction on another strand (not intended)
- 3’ to 5’ then 5’ to 3’
- The one on bottom
• Lagging strand: the strand on top
• Okazaki fragment: found on lagging strand
- first write pieces by polymerase
• RNA primer
- polymerase follows primer that stimulates everything
• Ligase: end of sythising “glue” enzyme
• Semiconservative replication: each copy at the end (one piece old and one piece new)
- some old (conservative)
- Some new (semi)
• Transcription Prescription
- DNA to RNA
• Transcription – DNA to RNA.
• H-bonds broken to expose bases.
• Requires phosphorylated nucleotides.
- have to have nucleotides that have been reduced
- - attached to chain
• RNA contains U instead of T.
• RNA polymerase
- similar to DNA polymerase
• Within a eukaryote or archaea gene:
• Exons – Coding regions.
• Introns – Non-coding regions
