Cardiovascular Alterations Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update Graded A+

Cardiovascular Alterations Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update Graded A+ Atherosclerosis - Answers "Hardening of the arteries" A progressive disease characterized by formation of plaque in the intimal lining of medium and large arteries, including the aorta and its branches, the coronary arteries, and large vessels that supply the brain Atherosclerosis appears to begin with - Answers Chronic injury or inflammation to the endothelial cells that line the blood vessels Sources of chronic injury and inflammation to endothelial cells lining the blood vessels - Answers Hypertension, smoking, viruses, high blood levels of cholesterol and glucose Flat, thick, yellow lesions that can progressively thicken, enlarge, and protrude into the lumen of the artery - Answers Fatty streaks As fatty streaks mature over time, they begin to develop into - Answers Fibrous atheromatous plaque * this is the basic lesion associated with atherosclerosis A narrowing of the internal space or lumen of a coronary artery - Answers Coronary artery disease (CAD) Coronary artery disease is most typically caused by - Answers Atherosclerotic plaque formations Two types of atherosclerotic plaques - Answers Stable plaque Unstable plaque Impedes blood flow to myocardial tissues and is associated with development of stable angina - Answers Stable plaque A predictable and less threatening type of cardiac ischemia - Answers Stable angina __________ plaque is more ominous with a greater tendency toward rupture, platelet aggregation, fibrin attraction, and thrombus formation in the coronary artery - Answers Unstable ____________ plaque activity can precipitate an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - Answers Unstable Modifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease - Answers Hyperlipidemia, hypertriglyceridemia, DM type 2, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, diet Unmodifiable risk factors for coronary artery disease - Answers Age Male gender DM type 1 Genetic predisposition Desirable total serum cholesterol value - Answers <200 mg/dL Desirable serum LDL cholesterol value - Answers 100 to 129 *optimal = <100 Drugs to reduce serum cholesterol and LDL levels - Answers HMG Co-enzyme inhibitors, or statins: lovastatin (Mecavor), pravastatin (Pravachol), simvastatin (Zocor), fluvastatin (Lescol), atorvastatin (Lipitor), and rosuvastatin (Crestor) Clinical presentation of impaired tissue perfusion - Answers Angina pectoris Diaphoresis Shortness of breath Lightheadedness Nausea Fatigue Chest pain that is predictable and occurs with physical activity - Answers Stable angina Chest pain that occurs at rest and is not related to physical activity or heart rate - Answers Variant angina (Prinzmetal's angina) Chest pain that is not predictable. It occurs with minimal activity, and it occurs with increased frequency and severity - Answers Unstable angina ________ angina requires immediate medical attention - Answers Unstable When assessing a patient complaining of angina symptoms, the immediate questions to consider include: - Answers The time of onset of the pain The activity that the patient was participating in when the pain began The length of the anginal episodes Patients reporting a history of exertional or resting dyspnea require close scrutiny because these symptoms strongly correlate with - Answers Coronary artery disease (CAD) Symptoms that are suggestive of ischemia but do not include angina are called - Answers Anginal equivalents These patients are more likely to experience anginal equivalents or silent ischemia - Answers Diabetics Women Elderly Anginal equivalents - Answers Dyspnea, fatigue, lightheadedness, dizziness, or pain at another site, such as the jaw or arms Angina is caused by - Answers An increase in myocardial oxygen demand and a decrease in myocardial oxygen supply as a result of partially occluded coronary arteries Patients may describe their angina as - Answers Tightness, heaviness, or a vise-like sensation in the chest Diagnostic tests for alterations in myocardial tissue perfusion - Answers Electrocardiogram (ECG) Exercise stress test (EST) Myocardial perfusion imaging Blood work All patients who are evaluated for chest pain have a __________ performed to document baseline cardiac rhythm and to assess for ischemic changes - Answers 12-lead ECG Is relieved by rest and nitroglycerin tablets - Answers Stable angina Proteins released by necrotic myocytes into the blood stream are referred to as - Answers Serum cardiac markers Cardiac markers - Answers Troponin (cTn) Creatine phosphokinase (CPK) Creatine phospokinase-myocardial bands (CPK-MB) Cardiac markers signify - Answers Myocardial muscle damage __________ are obtained on most patients who seek treatment for chest pain that is suspicious for cardiac origin - Answers Cardiac markers Blood sampling for cardiac markers occurs approximately every ____ hours to evaluate tren