PSYC 305: week 11-14 || with 100% Errorless Solutions.
Define culture. correct answers the connected set of ideas, practices, and social institutions
that coordinate the behaviours of a culture's members
Most research in personality psychology is done the United States, is this a problem? correct
answers No, if there is cross-cultural universality, which is the idea that data found in the US
applies everywhere else. Example: prosocial spending increases happiness around the world
Yes, if there is cross-cultural specificity, which is the idea that certain things are specific to
certain cultures. Example: extraversion is a potent predictor of life satisfaction in the US, but less
so in Japan. If cross-cultural specificity exists and is ignored, science produce finding that do not
apply everywhere.
Individualism vs Collectivism correct answers Individualism: focus on the self, individual more
important than the group (ideocentrism). More self-focused emotions (e.g. anger) -> higher
openness
Collectivism: focus on others, group more important than the individual (allocentrism). More
other-focused emotions (e.g., sympathy) -> higher agreeableness
Tightness vs Looseness correct answers Tightness: strict rules, strong enforcement, little
tolerance and severe punishment for deviations from norms. Tight countries include Pakistan,
Malaysia, India. Linked to heightened conscientiousness.
Looseness: lax rules, weak enforcement, high tolerance
and little punishment for deviations from norms. Loose countries include Ukraine, Israel,
Estonia. Linked to heightened openness.
In which cultures does personality maturation happen earlier in? correct answers Those with a
normative transition into the workforce.
How does studying abroad affect personality? correct answers Studying abroad, regardless of
where they go, increases in openness, agreeableness, creativity, and moral flexibility; and
decreases in neuroticism.
How does moving abroad in high school affect personality? correct answers Personal values
adapt to new cultural context, but 2 years later rebound effects are observed.
What are the countries with the greatest life satisfaction? correct answers the global west and
australia typically sees higher trends of life satisfaction, with lower life satisfaction around
central africa, china, and the middle east.
What are the issues with cross-cultural research in personality? correct answers 1. basic
comparability: personality structure may not apply universally (e.g. could be more/less traits than
the Big 5 or definitions are different)
, 2. Reference group effects: who are we comparing ourselves to when determining whether we
feel lazy or happy?
3. Humans are not monoliths: have to consider multiculturalism and bicultural identity
integration
4. Cultures are not monoliths: there are regional cultural differences and sub-cultures
What does life satisfaction across Canada look like? correct answers Highest in eastern Canada
but looking more closest at the GTA there are regions of low life satisfaction. Worst life
satisfaction typically in northern Canada.
What are the three causes of regional personality differences? correct answers 1. Selective
migration: open and extraverted people more likely to move to cities. Conservatives are more
likely to move to rural areas.
2. Sociocultural influence: people living in former frontier regions are more independent,
resilient, and socially withdrawn.
3. Ecological influence: people living in more mild climates are more extraverted and open.
Regional personality differences: political consequences correct answers - more open regions
vote liberal
- more conscientious regions vote conservative
- more neurotic regions show greater support for Trump and Brexit
Regional personality differences: economic consequences correct answers - more open regions
show more economic resilience, innovation, and higher median income
- more courageous regions have higher rates of start-up - and failure rates
- more agreeable regions face greater financial hardship
Regional personality differences: social consequences correct answers - more agreeable regions
have more social capital and less crime
- more extraverted regions have more social capital and more crime
- more neurotic regions show diminished work satisfaction, lower volunteering rates, and
decreased social capital
Regional personality differences: health consequence correct answers - more neurotic regions
show higher prevalence of cancer, Alzheimer's, obesity, and chronic disease
- more conscientious regions have lower cancer mortality, heart disease morality, and fewer
long-term health problems
How does regional personality affect individuals? correct answers Regional personality
determines individual emotions, behaviours, (e.g. personal spending) and cognitions regardless
of individual personality.
What is the person-environment-fit hypothesis? correct answers Living in an environment that
matches one's own profile provides better chances to satisfy one's psychological and physical
needs and- in turn - flourish
Define culture. correct answers the connected set of ideas, practices, and social institutions
that coordinate the behaviours of a culture's members
Most research in personality psychology is done the United States, is this a problem? correct
answers No, if there is cross-cultural universality, which is the idea that data found in the US
applies everywhere else. Example: prosocial spending increases happiness around the world
Yes, if there is cross-cultural specificity, which is the idea that certain things are specific to
certain cultures. Example: extraversion is a potent predictor of life satisfaction in the US, but less
so in Japan. If cross-cultural specificity exists and is ignored, science produce finding that do not
apply everywhere.
Individualism vs Collectivism correct answers Individualism: focus on the self, individual more
important than the group (ideocentrism). More self-focused emotions (e.g. anger) -> higher
openness
Collectivism: focus on others, group more important than the individual (allocentrism). More
other-focused emotions (e.g., sympathy) -> higher agreeableness
Tightness vs Looseness correct answers Tightness: strict rules, strong enforcement, little
tolerance and severe punishment for deviations from norms. Tight countries include Pakistan,
Malaysia, India. Linked to heightened conscientiousness.
Looseness: lax rules, weak enforcement, high tolerance
and little punishment for deviations from norms. Loose countries include Ukraine, Israel,
Estonia. Linked to heightened openness.
In which cultures does personality maturation happen earlier in? correct answers Those with a
normative transition into the workforce.
How does studying abroad affect personality? correct answers Studying abroad, regardless of
where they go, increases in openness, agreeableness, creativity, and moral flexibility; and
decreases in neuroticism.
How does moving abroad in high school affect personality? correct answers Personal values
adapt to new cultural context, but 2 years later rebound effects are observed.
What are the countries with the greatest life satisfaction? correct answers the global west and
australia typically sees higher trends of life satisfaction, with lower life satisfaction around
central africa, china, and the middle east.
What are the issues with cross-cultural research in personality? correct answers 1. basic
comparability: personality structure may not apply universally (e.g. could be more/less traits than
the Big 5 or definitions are different)
, 2. Reference group effects: who are we comparing ourselves to when determining whether we
feel lazy or happy?
3. Humans are not monoliths: have to consider multiculturalism and bicultural identity
integration
4. Cultures are not monoliths: there are regional cultural differences and sub-cultures
What does life satisfaction across Canada look like? correct answers Highest in eastern Canada
but looking more closest at the GTA there are regions of low life satisfaction. Worst life
satisfaction typically in northern Canada.
What are the three causes of regional personality differences? correct answers 1. Selective
migration: open and extraverted people more likely to move to cities. Conservatives are more
likely to move to rural areas.
2. Sociocultural influence: people living in former frontier regions are more independent,
resilient, and socially withdrawn.
3. Ecological influence: people living in more mild climates are more extraverted and open.
Regional personality differences: political consequences correct answers - more open regions
vote liberal
- more conscientious regions vote conservative
- more neurotic regions show greater support for Trump and Brexit
Regional personality differences: economic consequences correct answers - more open regions
show more economic resilience, innovation, and higher median income
- more courageous regions have higher rates of start-up - and failure rates
- more agreeable regions face greater financial hardship
Regional personality differences: social consequences correct answers - more agreeable regions
have more social capital and less crime
- more extraverted regions have more social capital and more crime
- more neurotic regions show diminished work satisfaction, lower volunteering rates, and
decreased social capital
Regional personality differences: health consequence correct answers - more neurotic regions
show higher prevalence of cancer, Alzheimer's, obesity, and chronic disease
- more conscientious regions have lower cancer mortality, heart disease morality, and fewer
long-term health problems
How does regional personality affect individuals? correct answers Regional personality
determines individual emotions, behaviours, (e.g. personal spending) and cognitions regardless
of individual personality.
What is the person-environment-fit hypothesis? correct answers Living in an environment that
matches one's own profile provides better chances to satisfy one's psychological and physical
needs and- in turn - flourish
