MARYVILLE 663 PRACTICE EXAM
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Sensory-Motor Period - Answer-Piaget: 0-2yrs
object permanence by 2y/o; requires the ability to form a mental representation (i.e., a
schema) of the object.
Respond to stimuli; new people;
Response patterns: hand to mouth
Searches for hidden objects
understands causes not visible
Pre-operational Stage - Answer-Piaget: 2 to 7 years
punishment for bad deeds is unavoidable (immanent justice)
think about things symbolically: a word or an object - stand for something other than
itself.
Egocentric: you do it too; difficulty taking another view point.
Animistic: I'm afraid of the moon
Lack of hierarchy: where do the blocks go
Centration: I want it now!
Irreversibility: I don't know how to go back there
Tranducive reasoning: go the way Daddy goes
5-6 get humor; do chores
6-7 good memory, solve problems
Concrete Operations Period - Answer-Piaget: 7 to 11 years
can think logically but still learn best from direct experience.
thought is logical and reversible; the child understands classes, relationships, and part-
whole relationships dealing with concrete things.
understanding of conservation and reversibility: conserve number (age 6), mass (age
7), and weight (age 9).
Understand hierarchies
Formal (abstract) Operational stage - Answer-Piaget: 11 years to adulthood—
development of logic and reasoning and second-order thoughts: thinking about
thoughts.
the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses.
Problem-solving is systematized and organized manner, rather than through trial-and-
error
Avoid things based on supposition of neg consequences
Trust vs. Mistrust - Answer-Erickson: Infancy to 18 mo
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust; dependent on
primary caregiver attachment
Hope
,temporal perspective vs time confusion
mutual recognition vs autistic isolation
psychopathology: psychosis, addiction, depression
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Answer-Erikson: 18 mo-3 yrs
learns to exercise will and to do things independently. Holding on and letting go:
speech, sphincter and muscle control
Will
Will to be oneself vs doubt
Self-certainty vs self-consciousness
psychopath: paranoia, obsessions, compulsions, impulsivity
Initiative vs. Guilt - Answer-Erikson: 3-5 yrs
independence in planning, playing and other activities. beginnings of super-ego,
conscience in failure of the oedipal quest
Purpose
Anticipation of roles vs role inhibition
Role experimentation vs role fixation
psychopath: conversion disorder, inhibition
Industry vs. Inferiority - Answer-Erikson: 5 and 13 yrs
learns to be productive, work with others, division of labor, acquisition of tools,
identification with teachers and occupations.
Competence
Task ID vs sense of futility
Apprenticeship vs work paralysis
If earlier stages fail or interruption of this stage: inadequacy and inferiority
psychopath: creative inhibition, inertia
identity vs. role confusion - Answer-Erikson: 13-21 yrs
teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves. Comparison of
self as viewed by others vs as viewed by self. Social roles important
Fidelity
psychopath: delinquent behavior; gender-related identity; borderline psychotic episodes
Intimacy vs. Isolation - Answer-Erikson: 21-40 yrs
stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families.
Make and honor commitments
To love and to work
Love
Sexual polarization vs bisexual confusion
Psychopath: schizoid personality; distantiation (repudiate, isolate and destroy what is
dangerous to one's own)
Generativity vs. Stagnation - Answer-Erikson 40-65 y/o
, middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and
doing public service. Guiding the next generation
Care
leadership and followership vs abdication of responsibility
psychopath: midlife crisis, escapism in alcohol, drugs, sex, other infidelities
premature invalidism
Ego Integrity vs. Despair - Answer-Erikson: 65+
achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived or yield to
despair that their lives cannot be relived. Love in a meaningful way; stop wishing for
different
Wisdom
ideological commitment vs confusion of values
psychopath: extreme alienation and despair.
Early Adolescence (12-14) - Answer-striking initial changes: physical, attitude, behavior.
Focus shifts away from family and toward peer group; begin to challenge authority;
begin experiment with drugs/alcohol/cigs
Middle Adolescence (14-16) - Answer-lifestyle may reflect efforts to pursue
independence; abstract reasoning, realistic decision-making and application of social
judgment put to the test. Sexual behavior intensifies. Self-esteem pivotal for risk-taking.
Omnipotence and underestimation of risk taking; drive for autonomy
Late Adolescence (17-19) - Answer-Exploration of personal tastes, academic activities,
athletics and social bonds lead toward greater self-definition
developmental milestones: 2mo: - Answer-Soc: begins to smile; can calm self, tries to
look at parent
Lang: Coos, Turns head toward sounds; raising head and chest when lying on stomach
Cognitive: Attends to faces; follow things with eyes, recognize people at a distance; act
bored (cries, fussy) if activity doesn't change
Movement/Physical Development: hold head up and begins to push up when lying on
tummy; smoother movements with arms and legs
developmental milestones: 4mo: - Answer-Social and Emotional: Smiles spontaneously,
cry when playing stops; Copies some: smiling or frowning, movement
Language/Communication: babble with expression; copies sounds he hears
Cries different: hunger, pain, or being tired
Cognitive: shows happy or sad; Responds to affection Reaches for toy one hand;
eye/hand coord; watches/follows with eyes; Recognizes at a distance
Movement/Physical Development: Holds head unsupported; Pushes down on legs
when feet are on a hard surface; roll over; hold or swing at toys; Brings hands to mouth;
pushes up to elbows
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Sensory-Motor Period - Answer-Piaget: 0-2yrs
object permanence by 2y/o; requires the ability to form a mental representation (i.e., a
schema) of the object.
Respond to stimuli; new people;
Response patterns: hand to mouth
Searches for hidden objects
understands causes not visible
Pre-operational Stage - Answer-Piaget: 2 to 7 years
punishment for bad deeds is unavoidable (immanent justice)
think about things symbolically: a word or an object - stand for something other than
itself.
Egocentric: you do it too; difficulty taking another view point.
Animistic: I'm afraid of the moon
Lack of hierarchy: where do the blocks go
Centration: I want it now!
Irreversibility: I don't know how to go back there
Tranducive reasoning: go the way Daddy goes
5-6 get humor; do chores
6-7 good memory, solve problems
Concrete Operations Period - Answer-Piaget: 7 to 11 years
can think logically but still learn best from direct experience.
thought is logical and reversible; the child understands classes, relationships, and part-
whole relationships dealing with concrete things.
understanding of conservation and reversibility: conserve number (age 6), mass (age
7), and weight (age 9).
Understand hierarchies
Formal (abstract) Operational stage - Answer-Piaget: 11 years to adulthood—
development of logic and reasoning and second-order thoughts: thinking about
thoughts.
the ability to think about abstract concepts, and logically test hypotheses.
Problem-solving is systematized and organized manner, rather than through trial-and-
error
Avoid things based on supposition of neg consequences
Trust vs. Mistrust - Answer-Erickson: Infancy to 18 mo
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust; dependent on
primary caregiver attachment
Hope
,temporal perspective vs time confusion
mutual recognition vs autistic isolation
psychopathology: psychosis, addiction, depression
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt - Answer-Erikson: 18 mo-3 yrs
learns to exercise will and to do things independently. Holding on and letting go:
speech, sphincter and muscle control
Will
Will to be oneself vs doubt
Self-certainty vs self-consciousness
psychopath: paranoia, obsessions, compulsions, impulsivity
Initiative vs. Guilt - Answer-Erikson: 3-5 yrs
independence in planning, playing and other activities. beginnings of super-ego,
conscience in failure of the oedipal quest
Purpose
Anticipation of roles vs role inhibition
Role experimentation vs role fixation
psychopath: conversion disorder, inhibition
Industry vs. Inferiority - Answer-Erikson: 5 and 13 yrs
learns to be productive, work with others, division of labor, acquisition of tools,
identification with teachers and occupations.
Competence
Task ID vs sense of futility
Apprenticeship vs work paralysis
If earlier stages fail or interruption of this stage: inadequacy and inferiority
psychopath: creative inhibition, inertia
identity vs. role confusion - Answer-Erikson: 13-21 yrs
teenagers and young adults search for and become their true selves. Comparison of
self as viewed by others vs as viewed by self. Social roles important
Fidelity
psychopath: delinquent behavior; gender-related identity; borderline psychotic episodes
Intimacy vs. Isolation - Answer-Erikson: 21-40 yrs
stage in which individuals form deeply personal relationships, marry, begin families.
Make and honor commitments
To love and to work
Love
Sexual polarization vs bisexual confusion
Psychopath: schizoid personality; distantiation (repudiate, isolate and destroy what is
dangerous to one's own)
Generativity vs. Stagnation - Answer-Erikson 40-65 y/o
, middle-aged people begin to devote themselves more to fulfilling one's potential and
doing public service. Guiding the next generation
Care
leadership and followership vs abdication of responsibility
psychopath: midlife crisis, escapism in alcohol, drugs, sex, other infidelities
premature invalidism
Ego Integrity vs. Despair - Answer-Erikson: 65+
achieve a sense of integrity of the self by accepting the lives they have lived or yield to
despair that their lives cannot be relived. Love in a meaningful way; stop wishing for
different
Wisdom
ideological commitment vs confusion of values
psychopath: extreme alienation and despair.
Early Adolescence (12-14) - Answer-striking initial changes: physical, attitude, behavior.
Focus shifts away from family and toward peer group; begin to challenge authority;
begin experiment with drugs/alcohol/cigs
Middle Adolescence (14-16) - Answer-lifestyle may reflect efforts to pursue
independence; abstract reasoning, realistic decision-making and application of social
judgment put to the test. Sexual behavior intensifies. Self-esteem pivotal for risk-taking.
Omnipotence and underestimation of risk taking; drive for autonomy
Late Adolescence (17-19) - Answer-Exploration of personal tastes, academic activities,
athletics and social bonds lead toward greater self-definition
developmental milestones: 2mo: - Answer-Soc: begins to smile; can calm self, tries to
look at parent
Lang: Coos, Turns head toward sounds; raising head and chest when lying on stomach
Cognitive: Attends to faces; follow things with eyes, recognize people at a distance; act
bored (cries, fussy) if activity doesn't change
Movement/Physical Development: hold head up and begins to push up when lying on
tummy; smoother movements with arms and legs
developmental milestones: 4mo: - Answer-Social and Emotional: Smiles spontaneously,
cry when playing stops; Copies some: smiling or frowning, movement
Language/Communication: babble with expression; copies sounds he hears
Cries different: hunger, pain, or being tired
Cognitive: shows happy or sad; Responds to affection Reaches for toy one hand;
eye/hand coord; watches/follows with eyes; Recognizes at a distance
Movement/Physical Development: Holds head unsupported; Pushes down on legs
when feet are on a hard surface; roll over; hold or swing at toys; Brings hands to mouth;
pushes up to elbows
