Pedorthics Exam 1/86 Complete
Questions and Answers
Rearfoot (Tarsus), Midfoot (Lesser tarsus), and Forefoot (Metatarsus) - -
Functional components of the foot
-Which bones make up the rearfoot? - -Calcaneus and talus
-Which bones make up the midfoot? - -Navicular and cuboid
-Which bones make up the forefoot? - -Cuneiforms 1-3 and digits
-Medial column of the foot - -70% of the load. More flexible. Composed of
the talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and metatarsals 1-3
-Lateral column of the foot - -30% of the load. More rigid. Composed of the
calcaneus, cuboid, and metatarsals 4-5
-Calcaneus - -Largest bone in the foot, insertion point for the achilles,
articulates with talus and cuboid
-ST groove - -Limits ST from collapsing medially, which prevents calcaneal
valgus
-Talus - -2nd largest bone, made of articular hyaline cartilage, lacks good
blood supply so healing takes longer. Articulates with tibia, fibula, calcaneus,
and navicular
-Neck of talus - -What do you palpate to check for subtalar neutral?
-6 primary hot spots - -medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, 1st met head,
5th met head, base of the 5th, and navicular
-2 secondary hot spots - -posterior calcaneus and trochlear process of
calcaneus
-Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament aka "spring ligament" - -Maintains
medial longitudinal arch
-Deltoid ligament - -Tibiotalar, tibionavicular, and anterior/posterior
tibiocalcaneal. Maintains medial longitudinal arch and prevents eversion
-Plantar aponeurosis (fascia) - -Provides stability during terminal stance and
supports longitudinal arch
, -Windlass affect - -MTP joints dorsiflexed, plantar fascia draws forward,
depressed met heads, resulting in elevation of arch. More rigid for push off
-Medial longitudinal arch - -Made up of posterior/anterior calcaneus, plantar
fascia, plantar/spring ligament
-Triplanar joint motion - -Creates simultaneous movement in all cardinal
planes. Blocking one component in a single plane will prevent movement in
the other 2 planes
-Internal Rotatory Deformity (IRD) - -Pes planus, flatfooted, pronated.
Internal tibial rotation, midfoot pronation, calcaneal valgus, forefoot
abduction
-External Rotatory Deformity (ERD) - -Pes cavus, supination, high arches.
External tibial rotation, calcaneal varus, midfoot supination, forefoot
adduction. Susceptible to lateral ankle sprains
-Genu valgum, MCL laxity, lateral compartment compression - -How does
IRD affect the knee?
-Genu varum, LCL laxity, medial compartment compression - -How does
ERD affect the knee?
-Cause of rotatory deformities - -Bony anomalies, lax joints (ligaments and
tendons), muscle imbalance/weakness
-Primary action of the talocrural joint DF - -Primary DF 12-20 degrees.
Secondary action is forefoot abduction and eversion
-Primary action of the talocrural joint PF - -Primary PF 50-56 degrees.
Secondary action is forefoot adduction and inversion
-Stabilization of talocrural motion - -Limit medial deltoid ligament and
lateral collateral ligament
-Degrees of motion at subtalar joint - -30 degrees inversion, 10 degrees
eversion. Cavus feet exhibit less subtalar motion
-Which ligaments support the midtarsal joint? - -Supported by short and
long plantar ligament, and calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
-Midtarsal joint - -Composite joint with two different axes
-Midtarsal joint flexibility - -axes parallel
Questions and Answers
Rearfoot (Tarsus), Midfoot (Lesser tarsus), and Forefoot (Metatarsus) - -
Functional components of the foot
-Which bones make up the rearfoot? - -Calcaneus and talus
-Which bones make up the midfoot? - -Navicular and cuboid
-Which bones make up the forefoot? - -Cuneiforms 1-3 and digits
-Medial column of the foot - -70% of the load. More flexible. Composed of
the talus, navicular, cuneiforms, and metatarsals 1-3
-Lateral column of the foot - -30% of the load. More rigid. Composed of the
calcaneus, cuboid, and metatarsals 4-5
-Calcaneus - -Largest bone in the foot, insertion point for the achilles,
articulates with talus and cuboid
-ST groove - -Limits ST from collapsing medially, which prevents calcaneal
valgus
-Talus - -2nd largest bone, made of articular hyaline cartilage, lacks good
blood supply so healing takes longer. Articulates with tibia, fibula, calcaneus,
and navicular
-Neck of talus - -What do you palpate to check for subtalar neutral?
-6 primary hot spots - -medial malleolus, lateral malleolus, 1st met head,
5th met head, base of the 5th, and navicular
-2 secondary hot spots - -posterior calcaneus and trochlear process of
calcaneus
-Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament aka "spring ligament" - -Maintains
medial longitudinal arch
-Deltoid ligament - -Tibiotalar, tibionavicular, and anterior/posterior
tibiocalcaneal. Maintains medial longitudinal arch and prevents eversion
-Plantar aponeurosis (fascia) - -Provides stability during terminal stance and
supports longitudinal arch
, -Windlass affect - -MTP joints dorsiflexed, plantar fascia draws forward,
depressed met heads, resulting in elevation of arch. More rigid for push off
-Medial longitudinal arch - -Made up of posterior/anterior calcaneus, plantar
fascia, plantar/spring ligament
-Triplanar joint motion - -Creates simultaneous movement in all cardinal
planes. Blocking one component in a single plane will prevent movement in
the other 2 planes
-Internal Rotatory Deformity (IRD) - -Pes planus, flatfooted, pronated.
Internal tibial rotation, midfoot pronation, calcaneal valgus, forefoot
abduction
-External Rotatory Deformity (ERD) - -Pes cavus, supination, high arches.
External tibial rotation, calcaneal varus, midfoot supination, forefoot
adduction. Susceptible to lateral ankle sprains
-Genu valgum, MCL laxity, lateral compartment compression - -How does
IRD affect the knee?
-Genu varum, LCL laxity, medial compartment compression - -How does
ERD affect the knee?
-Cause of rotatory deformities - -Bony anomalies, lax joints (ligaments and
tendons), muscle imbalance/weakness
-Primary action of the talocrural joint DF - -Primary DF 12-20 degrees.
Secondary action is forefoot abduction and eversion
-Primary action of the talocrural joint PF - -Primary PF 50-56 degrees.
Secondary action is forefoot adduction and inversion
-Stabilization of talocrural motion - -Limit medial deltoid ligament and
lateral collateral ligament
-Degrees of motion at subtalar joint - -30 degrees inversion, 10 degrees
eversion. Cavus feet exhibit less subtalar motion
-Which ligaments support the midtarsal joint? - -Supported by short and
long plantar ligament, and calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament
-Midtarsal joint - -Composite joint with two different axes
-Midtarsal joint flexibility - -axes parallel
