Bio 270 Hynd Final Questions And Answers Rated 100% Correct!!

Steroid and thyroid hormones bind to target cells' _____________________ receptors - ️️intracellular... because they are lipophilic/hydrophobic and easily penetrate the lipid membrane of target cell Once formed, (steroids/peptides) immediately diffuse through plasma membrane to reach blood - ️️steroids (Steroids/Peptides) dissolve in blood - ️️Peptides, steroids cannot since they are hydrophobic Only the (bound/unbound) hormones are active and capable of binding with target cell receptors - ️️unbound 50% of _____________ are free hormones and 50% bound to albumin - ️️Catecholamines __________________ and ________________ bind with receptors on the target cells outer plasma membrane surface - ️️Peptide hormones and Catecholamines Hydrophilic hormones (peptides) alter the cell's protein in which one of 2 ways? - ️️Peptides modify PREEXISTING protein while steroids make a completely new protein ____________ packages and labels hormones into secretory vesicles that are stored in cytoplasm until appropriate signal - ️️Golgi Hormones' effects are proportional to their ... - ️️free concentration in the plasma (unbound)!!!! Plasma concentration under ___________________ control - ️️homeostatic Plasma concentration of free (active) hormones depends on: - ️️1) Rate of secretion into the blood 2) Rate of metabolic activation/conversion 3) Binding to plasma proteins (lipophilic hormones only) 4) Rate of removal by inactivation and excretion in urineWhat is the endocrine disorder - "Abnormal target cell responsiveness" - ️️Target cells do not respond adequately to the hormone - Active free hormone concentration normal(or even high!) What type of tissue is the anterior pituitary made of? - ️️Glandular tissue What type of tissue is the posterior pituitary made of? - ️️Neural tissue ADH is a (anterior/posterior) pituitary hormone that does what? - ️️Posterior Pituitary -Conserves water during urine formation -Causes contraction of arteriolar smooth muscle -Release controlled by hypothalamic osmoreceptors Oxytocin is a (anterior/posterior) pituitary hormone that does what? - ️️Anterior Pituitary -Stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle -Stimulates milk ejection from mammary glands -Other maternal behaviors Regulation of secretion of anterior pituitary hormones controlled by _______________________ hormones released from __________________ cells of hypothalamus - ️️hypophysiotropic, neurosecretory The neurosecretory cells are longer in the (anterior/posterior) pituitary? - ️️posterior Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized ____________ and stored ___________. - ️️synthesized in the hypothalamus, and stored in the posterior pituitary Fetal growth stimulated by ... - ️️hormones from placenta GH's non tropic function: - ️️Metabolic -Binds directly to adipose tissue to breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids & use of liberated fatty acids as an energy source-Conserves glucose for glucose-dependent tissues (brain) -Increases blood [glucose] by decreasing uptake by muscles How does GH affect soft tissue? - ️️increases # of cells, and increasing size of cells Osteoporosis makes the Vertebral column vulnerable to - ️️compression fractures Osteoporosis makes the Femoral neck vulnerable to - ️️displaced stress fractures Osteoclasts dissolve bone on (inner/outer) surface to enlarge marrow cavity - ️️inner Stimulus of GH secretion: - ️️Exercise, stress, fasting, low plasma glucose, sleep GH deficiency. - ️️Due to: Pituitary defect (↓ GH) Abnormal GH receptors in liver that are unresponsive to GH (↓ IGF-1) Hypothalamic dysfunction (↓ GHRH) (Secondary hyposecretion) Insulin on GH - ️️Stimulates postnatal growth by stimulating secretion of IGF-1 Hyperinsulinism often spurs excessive growth -May interact with IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1 agonist) Role of Estrogen on growth - ️️-Stimulates secretion of GH and IGF-1 at puberty -Stimulate closure of epiphyseal plates Role of Testosterone on growth - ️️-Stimulates secretion of GH and IGF-1 at puberty -Testicular testosterone responsible for heavier male musculature (protein synthesis) -Stimulate closure of epiphyseal plates Role of Thyroid hormone on growth - ️️Required for the synthesis of GH Growth severely stunted in hypothyroid children (slowed bone growth) Hypersecretion does not cause excessive growthRole of Insulin on growth - ️️Stimulates fetal growth Stimulates postnatal growth by stimulating secretion of IGF-1 Hyperinsulinism often spurs excessive growth -Insulin promotes protein synthesis -May interact with IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1 agonist