JMU BIO 270 Exam
Where can nervous tissue be found? - ✔️✔️brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and
special sense
What are the main functions of the cell? - ✔️✔️-obtain oxygen and nutrients from
environment
-perform energy-generating chemical reactions
-eliminate waste
-synthesize proteins
-moving materials through cell
-responding to the environment
-reproducing
What are the four main types of primary tissue? - ✔️✔️-muscle
-nervous
-epithelial
-connective
function depends on - ✔️✔️structure
extracellular fluid - ✔️✔️fluid environment in which cells live
What are the two types of extracellular fluid? - ✔️✔️plasma and interstitial fluid
define intracellular fluid - ✔️✔️fluid within the cell
What are the main cell nutrients? - ✔️✔️-carbs
-fats
-protein
What are th define homeostasis - ✔️✔️the maintenance of a relatively stable
environment
e levels of organization? - ✔️✔️chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, body system
level
96-99% of all cells are made of what? - ✔️✔️oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
define cell - ✔️✔️fundamental unit of structure and function
What is important about muscle tissue? - ✔️✔️-specialized for contracting
,-generate tension to produce movement
What are the three types of muscle tissue? - ✔️✔️skeletal, cardiac, smooth
What does skeletal muscle do? - ✔️✔️moves bones
What does cardiac muscle do? - ✔️✔️pumps blood throughout the body
What is unique about smooth muscle? - ✔️✔️in all organs that are hallow
What are unique of nervous tissue? - ✔️✔️-initializing and transmitting electrical
signals over long distances
-communication, coordination, and control
What characterizes epithelial tissue? - ✔️✔️specialized for exchanging material
between cells and environment
What are the two structures of epithelial tissue? - ✔️✔️epithelial sheets and secretory
glands
What are the three functions of epithelial tissue? - ✔️✔️protection, absorption,
secretion
How does the epithelial tissue protect? - ✔️✔️boundaries from external environment
(skin and body openings)
Where does the epithelial tissue absorb? - ✔️✔️-large intestine
-small intestine
Where does the epithelial tissue secrete? - ✔️✔️-exocrine glands
-endocrine glands
What are glands? - ✔️✔️specialized epithelium for secretion
How are glands formed? - ✔️✔️invaginating pockets during embryogenesis
What are the two types of glands? - ✔️✔️exocrine and endocrine
What are examples of exocrine? - ✔️✔️ducts - exit body
What are examples of endocrine? - ✔️✔️no ducts - use blood vessels
, What are connective tissue? - ✔️✔️few cells surrounded by abundance of extracellular
material
What are examples of connective tissue? - ✔️✔️bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments,
adipose tissue, fat, and blood
define organs - ✔️✔️two or more types of tissues that function to perform particular
functions
define organ systems - ✔️✔️group of organs organized into body systems
What are the three main parts of controlling homeostasis? - ✔️✔️1. detect deviations
from normal
2. integrate this information with other known information
3. Make adjustment to restore to desired level
Define compensatory physiological responses - ✔️✔️counter-reactions by body
systems minimize change
What are short term compensatory physiological responses? - ✔️✔️nerves
What are long term compensatory physiological responses? - ✔️✔️hormones
Where are homeostasis intrinsic controls located? - ✔️✔️within a particular organ
Where are homeostasis extrinsic controls located? - ✔️✔️another organ regulating a
different organ -> coming from the outside
define steady state - ✔️✔️A system in which a particular variable is not changing but in
which energy must be constantly added to maintain the constant condition.
Define negative feedback - ✔️✔️Increase or decrease in a variable bring about
response to move variable in opposite direction of original change
What is the most common homeostatic mechanism in the body - ✔️✔️negative
feedback system
Define positive feedback - ✔️✔️Amplifies change such that controlled variable moves
in direction of initial change
Does a positive feedback system favor stability? - ✔️✔️no
How many cells is the human body composed of? - ✔️✔️100 trillion cells
Where can nervous tissue be found? - ✔️✔️brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and
special sense
What are the main functions of the cell? - ✔️✔️-obtain oxygen and nutrients from
environment
-perform energy-generating chemical reactions
-eliminate waste
-synthesize proteins
-moving materials through cell
-responding to the environment
-reproducing
What are the four main types of primary tissue? - ✔️✔️-muscle
-nervous
-epithelial
-connective
function depends on - ✔️✔️structure
extracellular fluid - ✔️✔️fluid environment in which cells live
What are the two types of extracellular fluid? - ✔️✔️plasma and interstitial fluid
define intracellular fluid - ✔️✔️fluid within the cell
What are the main cell nutrients? - ✔️✔️-carbs
-fats
-protein
What are th define homeostasis - ✔️✔️the maintenance of a relatively stable
environment
e levels of organization? - ✔️✔️chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, body system
level
96-99% of all cells are made of what? - ✔️✔️oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
define cell - ✔️✔️fundamental unit of structure and function
What is important about muscle tissue? - ✔️✔️-specialized for contracting
,-generate tension to produce movement
What are the three types of muscle tissue? - ✔️✔️skeletal, cardiac, smooth
What does skeletal muscle do? - ✔️✔️moves bones
What does cardiac muscle do? - ✔️✔️pumps blood throughout the body
What is unique about smooth muscle? - ✔️✔️in all organs that are hallow
What are unique of nervous tissue? - ✔️✔️-initializing and transmitting electrical
signals over long distances
-communication, coordination, and control
What characterizes epithelial tissue? - ✔️✔️specialized for exchanging material
between cells and environment
What are the two structures of epithelial tissue? - ✔️✔️epithelial sheets and secretory
glands
What are the three functions of epithelial tissue? - ✔️✔️protection, absorption,
secretion
How does the epithelial tissue protect? - ✔️✔️boundaries from external environment
(skin and body openings)
Where does the epithelial tissue absorb? - ✔️✔️-large intestine
-small intestine
Where does the epithelial tissue secrete? - ✔️✔️-exocrine glands
-endocrine glands
What are glands? - ✔️✔️specialized epithelium for secretion
How are glands formed? - ✔️✔️invaginating pockets during embryogenesis
What are the two types of glands? - ✔️✔️exocrine and endocrine
What are examples of exocrine? - ✔️✔️ducts - exit body
What are examples of endocrine? - ✔️✔️no ducts - use blood vessels
, What are connective tissue? - ✔️✔️few cells surrounded by abundance of extracellular
material
What are examples of connective tissue? - ✔️✔️bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments,
adipose tissue, fat, and blood
define organs - ✔️✔️two or more types of tissues that function to perform particular
functions
define organ systems - ✔️✔️group of organs organized into body systems
What are the three main parts of controlling homeostasis? - ✔️✔️1. detect deviations
from normal
2. integrate this information with other known information
3. Make adjustment to restore to desired level
Define compensatory physiological responses - ✔️✔️counter-reactions by body
systems minimize change
What are short term compensatory physiological responses? - ✔️✔️nerves
What are long term compensatory physiological responses? - ✔️✔️hormones
Where are homeostasis intrinsic controls located? - ✔️✔️within a particular organ
Where are homeostasis extrinsic controls located? - ✔️✔️another organ regulating a
different organ -> coming from the outside
define steady state - ✔️✔️A system in which a particular variable is not changing but in
which energy must be constantly added to maintain the constant condition.
Define negative feedback - ✔️✔️Increase or decrease in a variable bring about
response to move variable in opposite direction of original change
What is the most common homeostatic mechanism in the body - ✔️✔️negative
feedback system
Define positive feedback - ✔️✔️Amplifies change such that controlled variable moves
in direction of initial change
Does a positive feedback system favor stability? - ✔️✔️no
How many cells is the human body composed of? - ✔️✔️100 trillion cells
