BCH Final Exam
what is metabolism - correct answer ✔✔- the entire network of biochemical reactions that occur in
living cells
__________________ metabolism is often defined as those reactions involving low molecular weight
biomolecules - correct answer ✔✔intermediary
what are metabolites - correct answer ✔✔small molecule intermediates in the degradation or
biosynthesis of biopolymers
metabolites can be the ______________, _________________________, and the
____________________ of a given metabolic pathway - correct answer ✔✔substrates, reaction
intermediates, and the products
reactions that result in the production of macromolecules are called ____________________ and
require _________________ - correct answer ✔✔anabolic reactions
energy in the form of ATP
what are the precursor molecules used to form macromolecules through anabolic reactions - correct
answer ✔✔amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nitrogenous bases
anabolic reactions are typically _______________ reactions - correct answer ✔✔reduction
catabolic reactions are typically ______________ reactions - correct answer ✔✔oxidation
energy is _____________ in catabolic reactions - correct answer ✔✔produced in the form of ATP
what are some energy containing molecules broken down in catabolic reactions - correct answer
✔✔carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
,what are the energy depleted end products of catabolic reactions - correct answer ✔✔CO2, H2O, and
NH3
a significant amount of genome is committed to ______________
- ____% of _____ in e coli
- _____% of _____ in yeast
-______% of ______ in humans - correct answer ✔✔metabolism
21 of 900
21 of 1200
23 of 5000
metabolic pathways are ____________________
- the product of one reaction _________________
- 3 types of pathways: - correct answer ✔✔sequences of reactions
- serves as the substrate for the next reaction
linear pathway
circular pathway
spiral pathway
______________ metabolic pathway is most frequently used for building biopolymers such as lipids,
nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides - correct answer ✔✔spiral pathway
in ____________ metabolic pathways often the same enzyme is used to catalyze the subsequent
reaction to produce an enlarged or elongated product - correct answer ✔✔spiral
what is the benefit of metabolic pathways proceeding via discreet steps - correct answer ✔✔- each step
is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (better control mechanism)
- multiple steps help to control energy input and output (invest a little energy at a time)
,- sharing of intermediates between pathways
regulation of ________________ is essential for the efficiency and ordered flow of metabolism - correct
answer ✔✔enzyme activity
how can enzymes be regulated - correct answer ✔✔- substrate level control
- regulation at committed steps of pathways
--> feedback and feedforward
--> allosteric regulation
- covalent modification
metabolic pathways are _____________ they are located within specific regions, organelles or
membranes of the cell - correct answer ✔✔compartmentalized
what are the advantages of metabolic pathways being compartmentalized - correct answer ✔✔- pools of
metabolites for specific pathways are localized and concentrated at specific sites in the cell
- allows for opposing metabolic pathways to occur at the same time (fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol
and breakdown in the mitochondria)
- allows coordinated regulation of the individual reactions
- allows spatial organization of a seqence of reactions
- specialization of tissues allow division of labor and for better efficiency and site specific regulation
Cofactors can be divided into ________________ and _______________ - correct answer ✔✔essential
ions and coenzymes
essential ions can be divided into ____________ and ______________ - correct answer ✔✔activator
ions (loosely bound)
metal ions of metalloenzymes (tightly bound)
coenzymes can be divided into ________________ and __________ - correct answer ✔✔cosubstrates
(loosely bound)
, prosthetic groups (tightley bound)
examples of activator ions - correct answer ✔✔cation: K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
examples of metal ions of metalloenzymes - correct answer ✔✔Iron-sulfer cluster
2 Fe- 2S or 4Fe-4S
examples of cosubstrates - correct answer ✔✔ATP
NAD+
NADP+
coenzyme A
ubiquinone
examples or prosthetic groups - correct answer ✔✔heme group
FAD
FMN
how do iron sulfur clusters bind to enzymes - correct answer ✔✔through the S atoms in Cysteine
residues
what is the major metabolic role of ATP - correct answer ✔✔transfer of phosphoryl or nucleotidyl groups
what is the major metabolic role of NAD+ and NADP+
vitamin source? - correct answer ✔✔oxidation-reduction reactions involving two electron transfer
niacin (B3)
what is the major metabolic role of Coenzyme A
vitamin source? - correct answer ✔✔transfer of acyl groups
pantotenate (B5)
what is metabolism - correct answer ✔✔- the entire network of biochemical reactions that occur in
living cells
__________________ metabolism is often defined as those reactions involving low molecular weight
biomolecules - correct answer ✔✔intermediary
what are metabolites - correct answer ✔✔small molecule intermediates in the degradation or
biosynthesis of biopolymers
metabolites can be the ______________, _________________________, and the
____________________ of a given metabolic pathway - correct answer ✔✔substrates, reaction
intermediates, and the products
reactions that result in the production of macromolecules are called ____________________ and
require _________________ - correct answer ✔✔anabolic reactions
energy in the form of ATP
what are the precursor molecules used to form macromolecules through anabolic reactions - correct
answer ✔✔amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, and nitrogenous bases
anabolic reactions are typically _______________ reactions - correct answer ✔✔reduction
catabolic reactions are typically ______________ reactions - correct answer ✔✔oxidation
energy is _____________ in catabolic reactions - correct answer ✔✔produced in the form of ATP
what are some energy containing molecules broken down in catabolic reactions - correct answer
✔✔carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
,what are the energy depleted end products of catabolic reactions - correct answer ✔✔CO2, H2O, and
NH3
a significant amount of genome is committed to ______________
- ____% of _____ in e coli
- _____% of _____ in yeast
-______% of ______ in humans - correct answer ✔✔metabolism
21 of 900
21 of 1200
23 of 5000
metabolic pathways are ____________________
- the product of one reaction _________________
- 3 types of pathways: - correct answer ✔✔sequences of reactions
- serves as the substrate for the next reaction
linear pathway
circular pathway
spiral pathway
______________ metabolic pathway is most frequently used for building biopolymers such as lipids,
nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides - correct answer ✔✔spiral pathway
in ____________ metabolic pathways often the same enzyme is used to catalyze the subsequent
reaction to produce an enlarged or elongated product - correct answer ✔✔spiral
what is the benefit of metabolic pathways proceeding via discreet steps - correct answer ✔✔- each step
is catalyzed by a specific enzyme (better control mechanism)
- multiple steps help to control energy input and output (invest a little energy at a time)
,- sharing of intermediates between pathways
regulation of ________________ is essential for the efficiency and ordered flow of metabolism - correct
answer ✔✔enzyme activity
how can enzymes be regulated - correct answer ✔✔- substrate level control
- regulation at committed steps of pathways
--> feedback and feedforward
--> allosteric regulation
- covalent modification
metabolic pathways are _____________ they are located within specific regions, organelles or
membranes of the cell - correct answer ✔✔compartmentalized
what are the advantages of metabolic pathways being compartmentalized - correct answer ✔✔- pools of
metabolites for specific pathways are localized and concentrated at specific sites in the cell
- allows for opposing metabolic pathways to occur at the same time (fatty acid synthesis in the cytosol
and breakdown in the mitochondria)
- allows coordinated regulation of the individual reactions
- allows spatial organization of a seqence of reactions
- specialization of tissues allow division of labor and for better efficiency and site specific regulation
Cofactors can be divided into ________________ and _______________ - correct answer ✔✔essential
ions and coenzymes
essential ions can be divided into ____________ and ______________ - correct answer ✔✔activator
ions (loosely bound)
metal ions of metalloenzymes (tightly bound)
coenzymes can be divided into ________________ and __________ - correct answer ✔✔cosubstrates
(loosely bound)
, prosthetic groups (tightley bound)
examples of activator ions - correct answer ✔✔cation: K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
examples of metal ions of metalloenzymes - correct answer ✔✔Iron-sulfer cluster
2 Fe- 2S or 4Fe-4S
examples of cosubstrates - correct answer ✔✔ATP
NAD+
NADP+
coenzyme A
ubiquinone
examples or prosthetic groups - correct answer ✔✔heme group
FAD
FMN
how do iron sulfur clusters bind to enzymes - correct answer ✔✔through the S atoms in Cysteine
residues
what is the major metabolic role of ATP - correct answer ✔✔transfer of phosphoryl or nucleotidyl groups
what is the major metabolic role of NAD+ and NADP+
vitamin source? - correct answer ✔✔oxidation-reduction reactions involving two electron transfer
niacin (B3)
what is the major metabolic role of Coenzyme A
vitamin source? - correct answer ✔✔transfer of acyl groups
pantotenate (B5)
