Pathoma Chapter 10 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated Guide 2024/2025
Full thickness defect of lip and palate - ansCleft lip and palate
What causes cleft lip and palate? - ansFailure of the five facial
prominences to fuse
How does the face form? - ansDuring early pregnancy, facial
prominences (one superior, two from side, two inferior) grow
together and fuse to form face
Do cleft lip and palate usually occur together? - ansYes; isolated
cleft lip or palate is less common
What is an aphthous ulcer? How does it appear? - ansPainful
superficial ulceration of the oral mucosa; Grayish base
surrounded by erythema
When does aphthous ulcer arise? - ansIn response to stress
Treatment for aphthous ulcer - ansResolves spontaneously, but
can recur
What is the grayish base of the aphthous ulcer? - ansGranulation
tissue
Triad of Behcet Syndrome - ansRecurrent aphthous ulcers,
genital ulcers, uveitis
What causes Behcet Syndrome? - ansImmune complex
vasculitis involving small vessels
Etiology of Behcet Syndrome - ansUnknown; can be seen after
viral infeciont
Oral herpes definition - ansVesicles involving oral muscosa that
rupture resulting in shallow, painful red ulcers; due to HSV1
When does primary HSV1 infection occur, and where does it lay
dormant? - ansUsually primary infeciton occurs in childhood;
Virus remains dormant in ganglia of trigeminal nerve
,Pathoma Chapter 10 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated Guide 2024/2025
What cause reactivation of HSV1 leading to "cold sore" -
ansStress, sunlight
Squamous cell carcinoma - ansMalignant neoplast of squamous
cells lining the oral mucosa
What are risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma? -
ansTobacco and alcohol
What is the most common location for squamous cell
carcinoma? - ansFloor of mouth
What are two precursor lesions to squamous cell carcinoma -
ansOral leukoplakia and erythroplakia
What is leukoplakia? - ansWhite plaque that cannot be scraped
away (in contrast to candidiasis) that can (but does not always)
represent a squamous cell dysplasia that can be a precursor to
squamous cell carcinoma
How does leukoplakia differ from oral candidiasis and hairy
leukoplakia? - ansOral candidiasis: white deposit on tongue that
is easily scraped away and is typically seen in
immunocrompromised
Hairy leukoplakia: white rough patch on LATERAL tongue that
is seen in immunocompromised people; due to EBV-induced
squamous cell hyperplasia and IS NOT premalignant
Is hairy leukoplakia premalignant? - ansNo
What causes hairy leukoplakia? - ansEBV
What is erythroplakia? - ansVascularized leukoplakia that is
highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia; more of a concern
than leukoplakia
How do you determine if leukoplakia and erythroplakia are
dysplastic/cancerous? - ansBiopsy
,Pathoma Chapter 10 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated Guide 2024/2025
Oral candidiasis picture - ans
Hairy leukoplakia picture - ansNote lateral location!
Are salivary glands endocrine or exocrine glands? -
ansExocrine; they secrete saliva
What are the divisions of salivary glands? - ansMajor (parotid,
submandibular, sublingual) and minor (hundreds of microscopic
glands)
Name the three major salivary glands - ansParotid,
submandibular, sublingual
What is a virus that often results in bilateral inflamed parotid
glands? - ansMumps
Other than inflammation of parotid gland, what can mumps
cause (3 things)? - ans1. Orchitis
2. Pancreatitis
3. Aseptic meningitis
What is the worry about mumps in teenage boys? - ansOrchitis
leading to sterility
What enzyme is elevated in mumps? - ansSerum amylase (can
be due either to salivary gland or pancreatic involvement)
Sialadenitis - ansInflammation of the salivary gland (usually
unilateral)
What is the most common cause of sialadenitis? -
ansSialolithiasis (obstructing stone in salivary gland) leading to
S. aureus infection
What nerve runs right through the parotid gland? - ansFacial
What is the most common tumor of the salivary glands? -
ansPleomorphic adenoma
, Pathoma Chapter 10 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated Guide 2024/2025
Benign tumor composed of stromal (cartilage) and epithelial
(sometimes with glands) tissue in salivary glands -
ansPleomorophic adenoma
Where does pleomorphic adenoma usually arise? - ansParotid
gland
How does pleomorphic ademona usually present as? -
ansMobile, painless circumscribed mass at the angle of the jaw
Recurrent rate of pleomorphic adenoma, and why? - ansHigh
because of irregular borders that surgeons can miss (incomplete
resection)
Can pleiomorphic adenoma transform into carcinoma? If so,
how does it present - ansyes, but rarely; presents with facial
nerve damage (facial nerve palsy) [remember, facial nerve runs
right through the parotid gland!]
Benign cystic tumor with abundant lymphocytes and germinal
centers (lymph node like stroma) - ansWarthin tumor
What is the 2nd most common tumor of the salivary gland? -
ansWarthin tumor
Where does a Warthin Tumor most commonly arise, and why? -
ansParotid because the parotid is often associated with lymphoid
tissue
What is the most common malignant tumor of salivary glands? -
ansMucoepidermoid carcinoma
What cells is the mucoepidermoid carcinoma composed of? -
ansMucus and sqamous cells
Where does mucoepidermoid carcinoma usually arise and what
does it commonly involve? - ansUsually arises in parotid gland
and commonly involves the facial nerve
Latest Updated Guide 2024/2025
Full thickness defect of lip and palate - ansCleft lip and palate
What causes cleft lip and palate? - ansFailure of the five facial
prominences to fuse
How does the face form? - ansDuring early pregnancy, facial
prominences (one superior, two from side, two inferior) grow
together and fuse to form face
Do cleft lip and palate usually occur together? - ansYes; isolated
cleft lip or palate is less common
What is an aphthous ulcer? How does it appear? - ansPainful
superficial ulceration of the oral mucosa; Grayish base
surrounded by erythema
When does aphthous ulcer arise? - ansIn response to stress
Treatment for aphthous ulcer - ansResolves spontaneously, but
can recur
What is the grayish base of the aphthous ulcer? - ansGranulation
tissue
Triad of Behcet Syndrome - ansRecurrent aphthous ulcers,
genital ulcers, uveitis
What causes Behcet Syndrome? - ansImmune complex
vasculitis involving small vessels
Etiology of Behcet Syndrome - ansUnknown; can be seen after
viral infeciont
Oral herpes definition - ansVesicles involving oral muscosa that
rupture resulting in shallow, painful red ulcers; due to HSV1
When does primary HSV1 infection occur, and where does it lay
dormant? - ansUsually primary infeciton occurs in childhood;
Virus remains dormant in ganglia of trigeminal nerve
,Pathoma Chapter 10 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated Guide 2024/2025
What cause reactivation of HSV1 leading to "cold sore" -
ansStress, sunlight
Squamous cell carcinoma - ansMalignant neoplast of squamous
cells lining the oral mucosa
What are risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma? -
ansTobacco and alcohol
What is the most common location for squamous cell
carcinoma? - ansFloor of mouth
What are two precursor lesions to squamous cell carcinoma -
ansOral leukoplakia and erythroplakia
What is leukoplakia? - ansWhite plaque that cannot be scraped
away (in contrast to candidiasis) that can (but does not always)
represent a squamous cell dysplasia that can be a precursor to
squamous cell carcinoma
How does leukoplakia differ from oral candidiasis and hairy
leukoplakia? - ansOral candidiasis: white deposit on tongue that
is easily scraped away and is typically seen in
immunocrompromised
Hairy leukoplakia: white rough patch on LATERAL tongue that
is seen in immunocompromised people; due to EBV-induced
squamous cell hyperplasia and IS NOT premalignant
Is hairy leukoplakia premalignant? - ansNo
What causes hairy leukoplakia? - ansEBV
What is erythroplakia? - ansVascularized leukoplakia that is
highly suggestive of squamous cell dysplasia; more of a concern
than leukoplakia
How do you determine if leukoplakia and erythroplakia are
dysplastic/cancerous? - ansBiopsy
,Pathoma Chapter 10 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated Guide 2024/2025
Oral candidiasis picture - ans
Hairy leukoplakia picture - ansNote lateral location!
Are salivary glands endocrine or exocrine glands? -
ansExocrine; they secrete saliva
What are the divisions of salivary glands? - ansMajor (parotid,
submandibular, sublingual) and minor (hundreds of microscopic
glands)
Name the three major salivary glands - ansParotid,
submandibular, sublingual
What is a virus that often results in bilateral inflamed parotid
glands? - ansMumps
Other than inflammation of parotid gland, what can mumps
cause (3 things)? - ans1. Orchitis
2. Pancreatitis
3. Aseptic meningitis
What is the worry about mumps in teenage boys? - ansOrchitis
leading to sterility
What enzyme is elevated in mumps? - ansSerum amylase (can
be due either to salivary gland or pancreatic involvement)
Sialadenitis - ansInflammation of the salivary gland (usually
unilateral)
What is the most common cause of sialadenitis? -
ansSialolithiasis (obstructing stone in salivary gland) leading to
S. aureus infection
What nerve runs right through the parotid gland? - ansFacial
What is the most common tumor of the salivary glands? -
ansPleomorphic adenoma
, Pathoma Chapter 10 Exam Study Guide
Latest Updated Guide 2024/2025
Benign tumor composed of stromal (cartilage) and epithelial
(sometimes with glands) tissue in salivary glands -
ansPleomorophic adenoma
Where does pleomorphic adenoma usually arise? - ansParotid
gland
How does pleomorphic ademona usually present as? -
ansMobile, painless circumscribed mass at the angle of the jaw
Recurrent rate of pleomorphic adenoma, and why? - ansHigh
because of irregular borders that surgeons can miss (incomplete
resection)
Can pleiomorphic adenoma transform into carcinoma? If so,
how does it present - ansyes, but rarely; presents with facial
nerve damage (facial nerve palsy) [remember, facial nerve runs
right through the parotid gland!]
Benign cystic tumor with abundant lymphocytes and germinal
centers (lymph node like stroma) - ansWarthin tumor
What is the 2nd most common tumor of the salivary gland? -
ansWarthin tumor
Where does a Warthin Tumor most commonly arise, and why? -
ansParotid because the parotid is often associated with lymphoid
tissue
What is the most common malignant tumor of salivary glands? -
ansMucoepidermoid carcinoma
What cells is the mucoepidermoid carcinoma composed of? -
ansMucus and sqamous cells
Where does mucoepidermoid carcinoma usually arise and what
does it commonly involve? - ansUsually arises in parotid gland
and commonly involves the facial nerve
