Pathoma Chapter 3 Updated Exam Guide 2024/2025

Pathoma Chapter 3 Updated Exam Guide
2024/2025

What three features distinguish neoplasia from hyperplasia and repair? -
ansUnregulated, irreversible, and monoclonal
Monoclonal Definition - ansAll the (neoplastic) cells are derived form a
single mother cell
How was clonality historically determined? - ansGlucose-6-phosphate
dehydrogenase enzyme isoforms (also androgen receptor isoforms); both
are on the X chromosome
What is the ratio of G6PD isoforms in hyperplasia? - ansStill 1:1
What is the ratio of G6PD isoforms in neoplasia? - ansNo longer 1:1;
one isoform will dominate
What is a secondary way clonality can be determined? - ansAndrogen
receptor isoforms, which are also on the X chromosome
How is clonality of B lymphocytes determined? - ansIg light chain
phenotype
What are the two type of light chains that can make up the light chain of
Ig? - ansKappa and Lambda (each light chain can only have one)
What is the ratio of kappa to lambda light chains in normal lymph
nodes? - ans3:1
What is the kappa to lambda light chain ratio in hyperplasia? - ans3:1
What is the kappa to lambda light chain ratio in a neoplastic
proliferation (i.e. lymphoma) - ans6:1 or reversed to 1:3 (i.e. ratio is no
longer 1:3)
Differential diagnosis of enlarged lymph node (3 things) - ans1.
Metastatic cancer
2. Reactive hyperplasia (infection)
3. Lymphoma
Two types of neoplasia - ansBenign or malignant

,Pathoma Chapter 3 Updated Exam Guide
2024/2025

What is the clonality of benign versus malignant neoplasia? - ansBoth
are monoclonal
Characteristics (two) of benign neoplasia - ansRemain localized and do
not metastasize
Characteristics (two) of malignant neoplasia - ansInvade locally and
have the potential to metastasize (although they may not metastasize in
every individual patient)
Name two benign tumors of epithelium - ansAdenoma and papilloma
Name two malignant tumors of epithelium - ansAdenocarcinoma and
papillary carcinoma
What do adenomas/adenocarcinomas produce? - ansGlands
What do papillomas/papillary carcinomas produce? - ansPapillary
fingerlike structures
What is a papillary finger-like structure that characterizes papilloma and
papillary carcinoma? - ansOvergrowth of epithelial cells that overlies a
connective tissue core with a blood vessel in the center
Benign tumor of mesenchymal fat tissue - ansLipoma (benign tumor of
fat)
Malignant tumor of mesenchymal fat tissue - ansLiposarcoma (always
ends in -sarcoma)
Benign tumor of mesenchymal bone tissue - ansOsteoma
Malignant tumor of mesenchymal bone tissue - ansOsteosarcoma
Benign tumor of mesenchymal cartilagenous tissue - ansChondroma
Malignant tumor of mesenchymal cartilagenous tissue -
ansChondrosarcoma
Benign tumor of mesenchymal blood vessel tissue - ansAngioma
Malignant tumor of mesenchymal blood vessel tissue -
ansAngiosarcoma

, Pathoma Chapter 3 Updated Exam Guide
2024/2025

Benign tumor of lymphocytes - ansDoes not exist
What are the two malignant types of lymphocyte neoplasia? -
ansLymphoma or leukemia
Benign tumor of melanocytes - ansNevus (mole)
Malignant tumor of melanocytes - ansMelanoma
What is the second leading cause of death in adults and children? -
ansCancer
Name the top three causes of death in adults - ans1. Cardiovascular
disease
2. Cancer
3. Chronic respiratory disease (or cerebrovascular disease)
Name the top three causes of death in children - ans1. Accidents
2. Cancer
3. Congenital defects
What are the most common cancers by INCIDENCE in adults
(excluding squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma of the
skin) - ans1. Breast/prostate
2. Lung
3. Colorectal
What are the most common cancers by MORTALITY in adults - ans1.
Lung
2. Breast/prostate
3. Colorectal
What causes the vast majority of lung cancers? - ansSmoking
What is the main way to prevent cancer? - ansScreening
How do we screen for breast cancer? - ansMammogram/physical exam
How do we screen for prostate cancer? - ansDRE and PSA