PNB 2274 Final Exam Review UPDATED
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔how does it look?
physiology - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔what does it do?
gross anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔structures you can see with the naked eye
microscopic anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔structures you can only see with
magnification, cells/ tissues
anatomy position - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔standing upright, palms facing out, feet on the
floor, facing forward
anterior - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, front
posterior - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, back
ventral - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, front (animal)
dorsal - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, back (animal)
medial - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, towards the middle
lateral - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, towards the side
proximal - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, close to
distal - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, far from
,coronal plane - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔frontal plane
transverse plane - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔horizontal plane
midsaggital plane - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔middle plane
homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable
internal environment, though the external environment changes
reflex control - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔long distance control of homeostasis, using either
neural or hormonal signals
local control - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔control of homeostasis at a cellular level, isolated
changes in a few cells or a tissue (i.e. environment of the cell, fluid level, etc)
input, controller, output - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔3 major components of homeostatic
mechanism
input - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔the signal of the homeostatic mechanism; something is
changing and needs to be adjusted; stimulus detected by a sensor
controller - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔aka integrating center, makes a decision about what to
do about the stimulus, often the CNS
output - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔in homeostatic mechanism, this signal is how the
correction is made. Needs a target or effector
set point - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔in homeostatic mechanisms, this range determines
what is within healthy boundaries. A high enough error will result in an output. Can be
modified (i.e. fever to combat infection)
,insulin - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔lowers blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis
glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔increases blood glucose levels to maintain
homeostasis
negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔feedback loops that works to return the state
of the organism back to the set point. Maintains homeostasis by counteracting disruption. Self
terminating
Positive feedback - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔feedback loops that amplify the stimulus,
output is fed back into the system to increase output. These do not shut themselves off,
require outside factors
positive feedback - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Hormone control during childbirth, lactation,
and blood clotting are examples of this type of feedback
negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔glucose levels, heart rate, etc. are examples
of this type of feedback
phospholipid bilayer - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔composed of hydrophobic tails and heads;
fluid mosaic; forms the plasma membrane. Serves as a physical barrier, gateway for
exchange, communication, and attachment site
passive transport - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔transport that requires no extra energy;
movement occurs randomly from areas of high concentration to low concentration
active transport - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔transport that requires energy typically in the
form of ATP; molecules are moved from areas of low concentration to high concentration,
AGAINST concentration gradient
simple diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔random motion of molecules in solution that
results in spread of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Net
movement until the concentrations are equal. Can occur in open system or across partition
(plasma membrane)
, flux - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔how much does a concentration drop over a distance;
overall flow
Fick's Law - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔describes the movement of molecules in 1
dimension. The overall flow is the negative of the product of the diffusion coefficient and
concentration gradient
Temperature, friction, area, membrane permeability, membrane thickness, concentration
gradient - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔factors that affect the rate of diffusion
increased - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔increased temperature results in ____________ rate of
diffusion
decreased - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔increased friction results in ___________ rate of
diffusion
increased - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔steep concentration gradient results in ___________
rate of diffusion
(2Dt)^1/2 - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔root mean squared distance in 1 dimension
(4Dt)^1/2 - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔root mean squared distance in 2 dimensions
(6Dt)^1/2 - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔root mean squared distance in 3 dimensions
osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane that is permeable to water
high - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔cells with high ion concentrations have ________ osmotic
pressure
channel mediated - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔aka facilitated diffusion; provides a pathway
for things to flow in/out that's not the membrane itself. channels/ transporters
Exam Questions and CORRECT Answers
anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔how does it look?
physiology - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔what does it do?
gross anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔structures you can see with the naked eye
microscopic anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔structures you can only see with
magnification, cells/ tissues
anatomy position - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔standing upright, palms facing out, feet on the
floor, facing forward
anterior - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, front
posterior - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, back
ventral - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, front (animal)
dorsal - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, back (animal)
medial - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, towards the middle
lateral - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, towards the side
proximal - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, close to
distal - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔orientation term, far from
,coronal plane - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔frontal plane
transverse plane - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔horizontal plane
midsaggital plane - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔middle plane
homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔the tendency of an organism to maintain a stable
internal environment, though the external environment changes
reflex control - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔long distance control of homeostasis, using either
neural or hormonal signals
local control - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔control of homeostasis at a cellular level, isolated
changes in a few cells or a tissue (i.e. environment of the cell, fluid level, etc)
input, controller, output - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔3 major components of homeostatic
mechanism
input - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔the signal of the homeostatic mechanism; something is
changing and needs to be adjusted; stimulus detected by a sensor
controller - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔aka integrating center, makes a decision about what to
do about the stimulus, often the CNS
output - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔in homeostatic mechanism, this signal is how the
correction is made. Needs a target or effector
set point - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔in homeostatic mechanisms, this range determines
what is within healthy boundaries. A high enough error will result in an output. Can be
modified (i.e. fever to combat infection)
,insulin - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔lowers blood glucose levels to maintain homeostasis
glucagon - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔increases blood glucose levels to maintain
homeostasis
negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔feedback loops that works to return the state
of the organism back to the set point. Maintains homeostasis by counteracting disruption. Self
terminating
Positive feedback - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔feedback loops that amplify the stimulus,
output is fed back into the system to increase output. These do not shut themselves off,
require outside factors
positive feedback - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔Hormone control during childbirth, lactation,
and blood clotting are examples of this type of feedback
negative feedback - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔glucose levels, heart rate, etc. are examples
of this type of feedback
phospholipid bilayer - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔composed of hydrophobic tails and heads;
fluid mosaic; forms the plasma membrane. Serves as a physical barrier, gateway for
exchange, communication, and attachment site
passive transport - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔transport that requires no extra energy;
movement occurs randomly from areas of high concentration to low concentration
active transport - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔transport that requires energy typically in the
form of ATP; molecules are moved from areas of low concentration to high concentration,
AGAINST concentration gradient
simple diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔random motion of molecules in solution that
results in spread of molecules from areas of high concentration to low concentration. Net
movement until the concentrations are equal. Can occur in open system or across partition
(plasma membrane)
, flux - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔how much does a concentration drop over a distance;
overall flow
Fick's Law - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔describes the movement of molecules in 1
dimension. The overall flow is the negative of the product of the diffusion coefficient and
concentration gradient
Temperature, friction, area, membrane permeability, membrane thickness, concentration
gradient - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔factors that affect the rate of diffusion
increased - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔increased temperature results in ____________ rate of
diffusion
decreased - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔increased friction results in ___________ rate of
diffusion
increased - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔steep concentration gradient results in ___________
rate of diffusion
(2Dt)^1/2 - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔root mean squared distance in 1 dimension
(4Dt)^1/2 - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔root mean squared distance in 2 dimensions
(6Dt)^1/2 - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔root mean squared distance in 3 dimensions
osmosis - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔diffusion of water across a selectively permeable
membrane that is permeable to water
high - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔cells with high ion concentrations have ________ osmotic
pressure
channel mediated - CORRECT ANSWER- ✔✔aka facilitated diffusion; provides a pathway
for things to flow in/out that's not the membrane itself. channels/ transporters
