GEG 111 Exam 3

Which of the following is an exogenic process? - weathering Which of the following is an endogenic process? - volcanism Uniformitarianism assumes that - the same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have been operating throughout geologic time Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the geologic time scale? - The bulk of Earth's history has occurred during the Precambrian eon. Which of the following is NOT a criteria to be classified as a mineral? - Anthropogenic Boundaries between intervals of the geological time scale are determined by - Major events in Earth's history, such as major extinctions. An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a - rock An element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic, natural compound is called a - mineral The subfield of geography and geology concerned with the study of the origins, evolutions, form, and spatial distribution of Earth's landforms is - geomorphology Areas of crustal collision and subduction occur along - convergent boundaries Areas of upwelling material from the mantle to form new seafloor occur along - divergent boundaries Areas where plates slide past one another, usually ar right angles to a seafloor spreading are - transform boundaries The three basic rock types are - sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Which of the following is NOT a process than can cause metamorphism? - Solidification of magma Metamorphism that occurs over broad areas when the pressure and associated heat of of overlaying rocks or other tectonic forces cause the rocks to undergo deformation is known as - regional metamorphism Continental crust is basically ________, whereas oceanic crust is basically ________. - granite; basalt Sedimentary rocks are more a product of the ________ system whereas metamorphic and igneous rocks are more a product of the ________ system. - exogenic; endogenic Molten rock beneath Earth's surface is known as ________, whereas molten rock on Earth's surface is called ________. - magma; lava In 1912, the theory of continental drift was proposed by _______________________________. - Alfred Wegener ________ are sites of upwelling of magma from the mantle independent of plate boundaries. - hot spots A large region identifiable by several topographic or geological traits is known as a - physiographic province. A topographic region that is characterized by local relief of less than 100 m (325 ft.) is considered a - plain Africa is dominated by which topographic region? - Hills and low tablelands The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a - continental shield, or craton Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as - relief The average elevation of the depth of the oceans is - -3800 m (-12,470 ft.) Normal faults are associated with - tensional forces When lateral shear causes horizontal movement along a fault plane, the resulting fault is called a - strike-slip fault The San Andreas system in California is an example of a - both a strike-slip and transform fault. Orogenesis refers to - a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust. What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here? - Oceanic plate-continental plate collision What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here? - Continental plate-continental plate collision What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here? - Oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision The magnitude of earthquakes is measured by the ________________ scale - moment magnitude Volcanic activity located away from plate boundaries is associated with - hot spots The Zagros mountains of Iran is an example of - a zone of compression and folding. a zone of compression and folding. - the sharp release of energy in Earth's crust that creates seismic waves Within the United States, which area has the highest earthquake hazards? - west coast A __________________ is a small, cone-shaped hill usually less than 450 m (1500 ft) formed from material that accumulates from moderately explosive volcanoes. - cinder cone Circular surface depressions usually found at or near the summit of a volcano are known as - craters The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is - geomorphology Which of the following is NOT exogenic in nature? - Tectonic uplift All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term - denudation In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called - regolith The process that breaks down rock at Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as - weathering Factors influencing the weathering process include - rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of - higher rainfall and temperatures Exfoliation and pressure-release jointing are examples of ________ weathering processes. - physical These rounded granite outcrops are the result of which weathering process? - Spheroidal weathering A niche in sandstone, such as that in Arizona's Canyon de Chelly, is indicative of which weathering process? - salt crystal growth Frost wedging is an example of ________ weathering processes. - physical Hydrolysis, hydration, oxidation, and carbonation are all examples of ________ weathering processes. - chemical Karst topography is formed primarily by - carbonation and solution The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as - sinkholes ________________________ grow downward from the roof of a limestone cave - Stalactities Cones and cockpit karst develop in - wet tropical areas The photograph is an example of a - talus slope The photograph shows an example of which mass movement process? - landslide The bent trees, leaning utility posts, and fences in this diagram indicate which type of mass movement? - soil creep A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called - soil creep A drainage divide that separates drainage basins that empty into different bodies of water surrounding a continent are known as - continental divides Drainage basins are ________ systems - open Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge? - Amazon River Overland flow can concentrate in small grooves called ________, which can enlarge to form ________. - rills; gullies If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-year flood last year, you can conclude that - there is a 1% chance you could be flooded by the 100-year flood again this year. Stream transport involves all of the following EXCEPT - sheet flow The science of water and its global circulation, distribution, and properties is known as - hydrology ________ is the general term for unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mineral fragments deposited by running water. - alluvium The sediment load that travels in solution is - dissolved load The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to - decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge