NUR 265 Exam 1 with comprehensive Questions and Answers
What is nephrotic syndrome?✔️✔️A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows
larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome?✔️✔️-*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what?✔️✔️3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with?✔️✔️-immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI✔️✔️creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI✔️✔️creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI✔️✔️creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples.✔️✔️Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
,-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples.✔️✔️Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples.✔️✔️Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?✔️✔️Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?✔️✔️65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs?✔️✔️-NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
, -Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?✔️✔️Watch for dehydration and
make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient?✔️✔️-Low protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD?✔️✔️-HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia?✔️✔️Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia?✔️✔️•Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
•Dyspnea
•Paresthesia's
What effects can CKD have on the cardiac system✔️✔️-HTN
-Heart failure (major problem. Call the doctor)
What is nephrotic syndrome?✔️✔️A condition of increased glomerular permeability that allows
larger molecules to pass through the membrane into the urine and then be excreted.
What are key features of nephrotic syndrome?✔️✔️-*Massive proteinuria*
-*Hypoalbuminemia*
-*Edema (facial and periorbital)*
-Lipiduria
-Hyperlipidemia
-Increased coagulation
-Reduced kidney function
In nephrotic syndrome, severe protein loss in the urine is greater than what?✔️✔️3.5g in 24 hours
What is nephrotic syndrome treated with?✔️✔️-immunosuppressant agents (if immunity based).
-ACE inhibitors (decreased protein loss in urine)
-statins (improve blood lipid levels).
-Heparin (used to treat vascular effects and improve kidney function)
Describe the "risk" stage for AKI✔️✔️creatinine x 1.5 of normal, and GFR reduced by 25%
Describe the "injury" stage for AKI✔️✔️creatinine x2 & GFR reduced by 50%
Describe the "failure" stage for AKI✔️✔️creatinine x3 normal, & GFR reduced by 75% (Cant fix)
Describe Prerenal AKI. Give examples.✔️✔️Decreased perfusion to kidneys.
,-NSAIDs
-Severe dehydration
-Renal artery stenosis
-MI or HF resulting in low ejection fraction and low cardiac output
-Blood/ fluid loss
Describe Intrarenal AKI. Give examples.✔️✔️Tissue damage to the actual kidneys.
-Glomerulonephritis or inflammation of the glomeruli
-Sepsis
-Intrarenal bleeding
-Pyelonephritis
Describe Postrenal AKI. Give examples.✔️✔️Obstruction that occurs after the kidney.
-Enlarged prostate (BPH)
-Bladder Cancer
-Kidney stones
How do you determine the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?✔️✔️Systolic + (Diastolic*2) /3
What is the MAP needed to perfuse the kidneys?✔️✔️65 mmHg
What are examples of nephrotoxic drugs?✔️✔️-NSAIDS
-Metformin
-Diuretics
-Antibiotics (especially -mycin)
, -Contrast dye
During the diuretic phase of AKI, what needs to be monitored?✔️✔️Watch for dehydration and
make sure output is greater than input
What are the dietary restrictions for an AKI patient?✔️✔️-Low protein
-Low sodium
-Fluid restriction: 1000-1500mL day (for anything except perfusion problem)
What are the 2 most common causes of CKD?✔️✔️-HTN
-Uncontrolled diabetes
What is azotemia?✔️✔️Nitrogenous waste build up
What are manifestations of uremia?✔️✔️•Metallic taste in mouth
•Anorexia
•Nausea/vomiting
•Muscle cramps
•Uremic frost on skin
•Itching
•Fatigue and lethargy
•Hiccups
•Edema
•Dyspnea
•Paresthesia's
What effects can CKD have on the cardiac system✔️✔️-HTN
-Heart failure (major problem. Call the doctor)
