BIL 150 Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration and
Fermentation || WELL-ENLIGHTENED WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS.
How do cells yield ATP? correct answers Cells break down glucose and other organic fuels
to yield chemical energy
Fermentation correct answers A process that results in the partial degradation
Formula for Cellular Respiration correct answers C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O +
ENERGY (ATP)
Cellular Respiration correct answers Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose
and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. It is a more complete break down
fermentation and is often categorized as aerobic.
Aerobic Respiration correct answers Respiration that requires oxygen
How much free energy is released by the breakdown of glucose? correct answers ∆G = -686
kcal/mol or -2,870kJ/mol
It is a spontaneous reaction
Redox Reactions correct answers A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. *This is how
cells tap the energy stored in food molecules.*
Oxidation correct answers The *loss of electrons* from a substance involved in a redox
reaction. (OIL RIG- Oxidation- I lost Reduction- I gain)
Reduction correct answers The *gain of electrons* from a substance involved in a redox
reaction OIL RIG- Oxidation- I lost Reduction- I gain
If something was oxidized, then it was the ________________ agent. correct answers
reduction
If something was reduced, then it was the ______________ agent. correct answers oxidation
Not all redox reaction involve the complete transfer of electrons from one substance to
another; some change the degree of electron sharing in covalent bonds. (True/False) correct
answers True. For example, in methane combustion, initially the covalent electrons are
shared equally between the bonded atoms between carbon and hydrogen. However, when O₂
comes into the mix (which is highly electronegative, therefore greedy for electrons), it hogs
the electrons away from the carbon. So the carbon essentially "oxidized" since it lost
electrons to oxygen.
In aerobic respiration, is glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) oxidized or reduced? correct answers Oxidized
to CO₂, the carbons in C₆H₁₂O₆ have an oxidation state of 0, and then in CO₂, the oxidation
state of carbon is +4. So that means it must have lost electrons which implies it was oxidized.
, Is the aerobic respiration, is O₂ oxidized or reduced to H₂O? correct answers It is reduced. O₂
in its natural state has an oxidation state of 0, in H₂O, the oxidation state of O is -2. So the
oxygen gained two electron, therefore it must have reduced.
Electrons _______ potential energy during their transfer from glucose or other organic
compounds to O₂. correct answers lose
What are the two electron carriers involved in cellular respiration? correct answers NAD⁺
and FAD
How does NAD⁺ reduce to NADH? correct answers Glucose, when its bonds are broken by
dehydrogenases, gives off 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons. One of the hydrogen ions and two
of the electrons (so it gains electrons, making it a reduction) are transferred to the NAD+
making it NADH, and one hydrogen ion is left over.
Where does the electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) carry their electrons to? correct
answers The electron transport chain
Electron Transport Chain correct answers Conducts the electrons to O2 in energy-releasing
steps. The energy that is released is used to make ATP
What are the threes stages of aerobic respiration? correct answers 1. *Glycolysis* (energy
investment and payoff phases)
2. Pyruvate oxidation and the *Citric acid cycle*
3. *Oxidative phosphorylation* (electron transport and chemiosmosis
Glycolysis correct answers A series of reactions that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate
molecules, which may go on to enter the citric acid cycle, and nets 2 ATP and 2 NADH per
glucose molecule.
Glycolysis harvest chemical energy by ______________ glucose to ___________. correct
answers oxidizing; pyruvate
What happens after pyruvate is oxidized in glycolysis? correct answers The citric acid cycle
completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules. It is oxidized into *acetyl
CoA* initial and then further oxidized in the citric acid cycle.
Where and how does acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) form? correct answers -It forms in the
mitochondrion.
-Firstly, pyruvate's carboxyl group (--COO⁻) is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide. Next, the
carbon molecule is oxidized again and the electrons transfer to a NAD+ making it NADH.
Thirdly, rhe coenzyme A (CoA) is attached via its sulfur atoms to two carbon intermediate,
forming acetyl CoA.
What enzyme transfers electrons from substrates (such as Glucose or Acetyl-CoA) to electron
carriers? correct answers Dehydrogenases
Fermentation || WELL-ENLIGHTENED WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS.
How do cells yield ATP? correct answers Cells break down glucose and other organic fuels
to yield chemical energy
Fermentation correct answers A process that results in the partial degradation
Formula for Cellular Respiration correct answers C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O -> 6CO₂ + 6H₂O +
ENERGY (ATP)
Cellular Respiration correct answers Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose
and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen. It is a more complete break down
fermentation and is often categorized as aerobic.
Aerobic Respiration correct answers Respiration that requires oxygen
How much free energy is released by the breakdown of glucose? correct answers ∆G = -686
kcal/mol or -2,870kJ/mol
It is a spontaneous reaction
Redox Reactions correct answers A chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more
electrons from one reactant to another; also called oxidation-reduction reaction. *This is how
cells tap the energy stored in food molecules.*
Oxidation correct answers The *loss of electrons* from a substance involved in a redox
reaction. (OIL RIG- Oxidation- I lost Reduction- I gain)
Reduction correct answers The *gain of electrons* from a substance involved in a redox
reaction OIL RIG- Oxidation- I lost Reduction- I gain
If something was oxidized, then it was the ________________ agent. correct answers
reduction
If something was reduced, then it was the ______________ agent. correct answers oxidation
Not all redox reaction involve the complete transfer of electrons from one substance to
another; some change the degree of electron sharing in covalent bonds. (True/False) correct
answers True. For example, in methane combustion, initially the covalent electrons are
shared equally between the bonded atoms between carbon and hydrogen. However, when O₂
comes into the mix (which is highly electronegative, therefore greedy for electrons), it hogs
the electrons away from the carbon. So the carbon essentially "oxidized" since it lost
electrons to oxygen.
In aerobic respiration, is glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) oxidized or reduced? correct answers Oxidized
to CO₂, the carbons in C₆H₁₂O₆ have an oxidation state of 0, and then in CO₂, the oxidation
state of carbon is +4. So that means it must have lost electrons which implies it was oxidized.
, Is the aerobic respiration, is O₂ oxidized or reduced to H₂O? correct answers It is reduced. O₂
in its natural state has an oxidation state of 0, in H₂O, the oxidation state of O is -2. So the
oxygen gained two electron, therefore it must have reduced.
Electrons _______ potential energy during their transfer from glucose or other organic
compounds to O₂. correct answers lose
What are the two electron carriers involved in cellular respiration? correct answers NAD⁺
and FAD
How does NAD⁺ reduce to NADH? correct answers Glucose, when its bonds are broken by
dehydrogenases, gives off 2 hydrogen ions and 2 electrons. One of the hydrogen ions and two
of the electrons (so it gains electrons, making it a reduction) are transferred to the NAD+
making it NADH, and one hydrogen ion is left over.
Where does the electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) carry their electrons to? correct
answers The electron transport chain
Electron Transport Chain correct answers Conducts the electrons to O2 in energy-releasing
steps. The energy that is released is used to make ATP
What are the threes stages of aerobic respiration? correct answers 1. *Glycolysis* (energy
investment and payoff phases)
2. Pyruvate oxidation and the *Citric acid cycle*
3. *Oxidative phosphorylation* (electron transport and chemiosmosis
Glycolysis correct answers A series of reactions that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate
molecules, which may go on to enter the citric acid cycle, and nets 2 ATP and 2 NADH per
glucose molecule.
Glycolysis harvest chemical energy by ______________ glucose to ___________. correct
answers oxidizing; pyruvate
What happens after pyruvate is oxidized in glycolysis? correct answers The citric acid cycle
completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules. It is oxidized into *acetyl
CoA* initial and then further oxidized in the citric acid cycle.
Where and how does acetyl CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) form? correct answers -It forms in the
mitochondrion.
-Firstly, pyruvate's carboxyl group (--COO⁻) is fully oxidized to carbon dioxide. Next, the
carbon molecule is oxidized again and the electrons transfer to a NAD+ making it NADH.
Thirdly, rhe coenzyme A (CoA) is attached via its sulfur atoms to two carbon intermediate,
forming acetyl CoA.
What enzyme transfers electrons from substrates (such as Glucose or Acetyl-CoA) to electron
carriers? correct answers Dehydrogenases
