Pathophysiology EXAM 3 – SLCC
Questions and Answers
What iiis iithe iinormal iirange iifor iipH? ii- iiAnswers ii-7.35-7.45
What iiis iithe iinormal iirange iifor iipCO2? ii- iiAnswers ii-35-45 iimmHg
What iiis iithe iinormal iirange iifor iiHCO3? ii- iiAnswers ii-22-26
Define iiHypercapnia ii- iiAnswers ii-an iiexcess iiof iicarbon iidioxide iiin iithe iiblood
Define iihypoxia. ii- iiAnswers ii-An iiinsufficiency iiof iioxygen iiin iithe iibody's iitissues.
Define iihypoxemia. ii- iiAnswers ii-an iiinsufficiency iiof iioxygen iiin iithe iiblood.
3 iiindicators iiof iisevere iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiTripod iiposition
2. iiUse iiof iiaccessory iimuscles iifor iirespiration
3. iiCyanosis
PaO2 iinormal iirange? ii(ABG) ii- iiAnswers ii-80-100 iimmHg
SaO2 iinormal iirange? ii- iiAnswers ii-95-100% ii(for iicurriculum iipurposes) ii(an iiO2
iisaturation iiof ii90-100 iiis iiacceptable iiin iimost iicases)
In iithe iicontext iiof iiventilation/perfusion iistudies, iiproper iiVENTILATION iiis iidefined iias?
ii- iiAnswers ii-The iiability iiof iiair iito iireach iiall iiparts iiof iithe iilungs
In iithe iicontext iiof iiventilation/perfusion iistudies, iiproper iiPERFUSION iiis iidefined iias? ii-
iiAnswers ii-How iiwell iiblood iicirculates iiwithin iithe iilungs.
If iiAIR iiFLOW iiis iiobstructed iiit iiis iia ii________ iiproblem. ii- iiAnswers ii-Ventilation
If iiBLOOD iiFLOW iiis iiobstructed iiit iiis iia ii___________ iiproblem. ii- iiAnswers ii-Perfusion
The iifirst iiindicator iiof iihypoxia iior iihypoxemia iiis... ii(name iiat iileast ii3 iiexamples?) ii-
iiAnswers ii-Change iiin iiLOC ii- ii(restlessness, iianxiety, iiconfusion, iiirritability, iipersonality
iichanges, iietc.)
,Define iiatelectasis. ii- iiAnswers ii-incomplete iiexpansion ii(of iithe iilung iior iiportion iiof iithe
iilung) ii(balloon iicannot iiexpand)
What iiare iithe ii3 iicategories iiof iiatelectasis iicauses? ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiBLOCKAGE iiof iithe
iiair iipassages ii(bronchus iior iibronchioles)
2. iiPRESSURE ii(on iithe iioutside iiof iithe iilungs)
3. iiSURFACTANT iifailure
Severe iirisk iifor iiatelectasis iiis iiusually iifollowing iiwhat? ii(2 iithings) ii- iiAnswers ii-1.
iiSurgery ii(ETT iiplacement iifor iigeneral iianesthesia ii- iiex. iiventilator iiassisted
iipneumonia ii(VAP))
2. iiProlonged iihospital iistays iiand iiimmobilization
S&S iiof iipneumonia iiand iiatelectasis ii- iiAnswers ii-Dyspnea, iichest iipain, iicough, iiand iiin
iisevere iicases, iihypoxia iiand iihypoxemia.
Tx iifor iipneumonia iiand iisome iicases iiof iiatelectasis? ii- iiAnswers ii-Pulmonary iiHygiene!
iiTCDB ii(turn, iicough, iideep iibreath) iifrequently, iiand iiIS ii(incentive iispirometer) iinot iiin
iicurriculum: iioral iicare iiand iihygiene ii(brushing iiteeth), iiand iifrequent iisuctioning iifor
iipatients iiwith iilong iiterm iiairway iiadjuncts ii(Trach, iiETT) iiand iiventilators
Define iipleural iieffusion ii- iiAnswers ii-Excess iifluid iiin iithe iipleural iispace
Define iipulmonary iiedema ii- iiAnswers ii-Buildup iiof iifluid iiin iithe iiinterstitial iispace iiof iithe
iilungs
Which iican iibe iidrained iivia iithoracentesis? iipleural iieffusion, iior iipulmonary iiedema? ii-
iiAnswers ii-Pleural iieffusion
Define iiARDS ii- iiAnswers ii-Acute iiRespiratory iiDistress iiSyndrome ii- iiSevere
iirespiratory iicompromise iicaused iiby iia iiseries iiof iifactors.
5 iiStages iiof iiARDS ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiRespiratory iiAlkalosis ii(compensatory iistage)
2. iiAcidosis ii(respiratory iiand iimetabolic)
3. iiPulmonary iiEdema
4. iiClotting iistage
5. iiRespiratory iiFailure
Define iiCOPD ii- iiAnswers ii-Chronic iiObstructive iiPulmonary iiDisease ii- iia iigroup iiof
iilung iidiseases iithat iimake iibreathing iidifficult.
Two iimain iicauses iiof iiCOPD? ii- iiAnswers ii-Emphysema iiand iichronic iibronchitis
In iiCOPD, iiairflow iiis iiobstructed iiby iione iior iimore iiof iithe iifollowing iimechanisms:
ii(name ii4) ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiAirway iiand iialveoli iilose iitheir iielastic iiquality
2. iiThe iiwalls iibetween iialveoli iiare iidestroyed
, 3. iiWalls iiof iithe iiairways iibecome iithick iiand iiinflamed
4. iiOverproduction iiof iimucus
Define iiasthma ii- iiAnswers ii-(Reactive iiAirway iiDisease) iiis iia iichronic iiinflammatory
iidisorder iiof iithe iiairway. iiInflammation iiresults iifrom iiHYPER-RESPONSIVENESS iiof
iithe iiairway iito iiany iinumber iiof iiairborne iiirritants iifrom iipollen iito iiperfume; iiexercise,
iiinfections, iiair iipollution iiand iianxiety iican iiall iitrigger iian iiasthma iiattack.
What iiis iithe iimechanism iiof iiasthma? iiCharacteristic iisign? ii- iiAnswers ii-Products iiof
iiinflammation ii(chemical iimediators iiincluding, iibradykinins, iihistamine, iicytokines) iigo
iiinto iimass iiproduction iiand iioverwhelm iithe iilungs, iiresults iiin iichest iitightness iiand
iicharacteristic iiwheezing iisounds.
Define iiemphysema. ii- iiAnswers ii-Permanent iidamage iito iithe iilungs iias iiresult iiof iithe
iiinflammatory iiprocess. iiAbnormal ii[and iipermanent] iienlargement iiof iithe iiairways
iiaccompanied iiby iidestruction iiof iialveolar iiwalls iiwithout iiobvious iifibrosis. iiThe iilungs
iilose iitheir iiability iito iirecoil iiafter iieach iirespiration.
The iicharacteristic iisign iiof iiemphysema iiis... ii- iiAnswers ii-Barrel iiChest. ii(rounding iiof
iithe iichest iidue iito iiincreased iiWOB) iichange iifrom iioval iito iiround iishape.
Patients iiwith iiemphysema iilive iiwith iielevated ii______ iilevels, iias iia iiresult iithey iirely iion
ii__________. ii(how iishould iithis iieffect iitreatment?) ii- iiAnswers ii-CO2. iiAs iia iiresult
iithey iido iinot iirespond iito iihigh iiPCO2 iilevels iito iistimulate iiincreased iirespiration.
iiInstead iithey iirely iion iilow iiO2 iilevels iito iistimulate iiincreased iirespiration. iiBecause iiof
iithis, iiif iitoo iimuch iisupplemental iiO2 iiis iiprovided, iirespiratory iidrive iiwill iitank.
Define iibronchitis. iiResults iiin iiwhat iitwo iisigns? ii- iiAnswers ii-a iirespiratory iidisease iiin
iiwhich iithe iimucus iimembranes iiof iithe iibronchial iipassages iibecome iiinflamed. iiAs iithe
iiirritated iimembrane iiswells iiand iigrows iithicker iiit iinarrows iioff iiand iishuts iiof iialveolar
iipassageways. iiResults iiin iiproductive iicoughing iiand iibreathlessness.
Acute iiBronchitis: iiwhat iidifferentiates iithis iifrom iiChronic iiBronchitis? iiis iiit iia iiCOPD iior
iinot iia iiCOPD? ii- iiAnswers ii-Hacking iicough iiand iiphlegm iiproduction iithat iisometimes
iiaccompanies iian iiupper iirespiratory iiinfection. iiMucus iimembranes iishould iireturn iito
iinormal iiafter iiresolution iiof iithe iiinitial iilung iiinfection. iiNOT iiA iiCOPD.
Chronic iiBronchitis: iiwhat iidifferentiates iithis iifrom iiAcute iiBronchitis? iiis iiit iia iiCOPD iior
iinot iia iiCOPD? ii- iiAnswers ii-chronic iihyper-secretion iiof iithick iimucus ii(thicker iithan
iinormal) iiand iiproductive iicough iithat iilasts iifor iiat iileast ii3 iimonths iiof iithe iiyear iiand iifor
iiat iileast ii2 iiconsecutive iiyears. iiIncreases iimucus iiproduction iiand iithe iisize ii& iinumber
iiof iimucous iiglands iialong iiwith iidamage iito iicilia. iiIS iiA iiCOPD
Describe iithe iimechanism iiin iiwhich iismoking iicauses iidamage iito iithe iilungs, iiwhat
iispecific iiACUTE iicondition iileads iito iiwhat iispecific iiCHRONIC iicondition? ii(list ii3
iisteps) ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiSmoke iidirectly iidamages iithe iicilia iiin iithe iilungs iithat iiare
Questions and Answers
What iiis iithe iinormal iirange iifor iipH? ii- iiAnswers ii-7.35-7.45
What iiis iithe iinormal iirange iifor iipCO2? ii- iiAnswers ii-35-45 iimmHg
What iiis iithe iinormal iirange iifor iiHCO3? ii- iiAnswers ii-22-26
Define iiHypercapnia ii- iiAnswers ii-an iiexcess iiof iicarbon iidioxide iiin iithe iiblood
Define iihypoxia. ii- iiAnswers ii-An iiinsufficiency iiof iioxygen iiin iithe iibody's iitissues.
Define iihypoxemia. ii- iiAnswers ii-an iiinsufficiency iiof iioxygen iiin iithe iiblood.
3 iiindicators iiof iisevere iihypoxia? ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiTripod iiposition
2. iiUse iiof iiaccessory iimuscles iifor iirespiration
3. iiCyanosis
PaO2 iinormal iirange? ii(ABG) ii- iiAnswers ii-80-100 iimmHg
SaO2 iinormal iirange? ii- iiAnswers ii-95-100% ii(for iicurriculum iipurposes) ii(an iiO2
iisaturation iiof ii90-100 iiis iiacceptable iiin iimost iicases)
In iithe iicontext iiof iiventilation/perfusion iistudies, iiproper iiVENTILATION iiis iidefined iias?
ii- iiAnswers ii-The iiability iiof iiair iito iireach iiall iiparts iiof iithe iilungs
In iithe iicontext iiof iiventilation/perfusion iistudies, iiproper iiPERFUSION iiis iidefined iias? ii-
iiAnswers ii-How iiwell iiblood iicirculates iiwithin iithe iilungs.
If iiAIR iiFLOW iiis iiobstructed iiit iiis iia ii________ iiproblem. ii- iiAnswers ii-Ventilation
If iiBLOOD iiFLOW iiis iiobstructed iiit iiis iia ii___________ iiproblem. ii- iiAnswers ii-Perfusion
The iifirst iiindicator iiof iihypoxia iior iihypoxemia iiis... ii(name iiat iileast ii3 iiexamples?) ii-
iiAnswers ii-Change iiin iiLOC ii- ii(restlessness, iianxiety, iiconfusion, iiirritability, iipersonality
iichanges, iietc.)
,Define iiatelectasis. ii- iiAnswers ii-incomplete iiexpansion ii(of iithe iilung iior iiportion iiof iithe
iilung) ii(balloon iicannot iiexpand)
What iiare iithe ii3 iicategories iiof iiatelectasis iicauses? ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiBLOCKAGE iiof iithe
iiair iipassages ii(bronchus iior iibronchioles)
2. iiPRESSURE ii(on iithe iioutside iiof iithe iilungs)
3. iiSURFACTANT iifailure
Severe iirisk iifor iiatelectasis iiis iiusually iifollowing iiwhat? ii(2 iithings) ii- iiAnswers ii-1.
iiSurgery ii(ETT iiplacement iifor iigeneral iianesthesia ii- iiex. iiventilator iiassisted
iipneumonia ii(VAP))
2. iiProlonged iihospital iistays iiand iiimmobilization
S&S iiof iipneumonia iiand iiatelectasis ii- iiAnswers ii-Dyspnea, iichest iipain, iicough, iiand iiin
iisevere iicases, iihypoxia iiand iihypoxemia.
Tx iifor iipneumonia iiand iisome iicases iiof iiatelectasis? ii- iiAnswers ii-Pulmonary iiHygiene!
iiTCDB ii(turn, iicough, iideep iibreath) iifrequently, iiand iiIS ii(incentive iispirometer) iinot iiin
iicurriculum: iioral iicare iiand iihygiene ii(brushing iiteeth), iiand iifrequent iisuctioning iifor
iipatients iiwith iilong iiterm iiairway iiadjuncts ii(Trach, iiETT) iiand iiventilators
Define iipleural iieffusion ii- iiAnswers ii-Excess iifluid iiin iithe iipleural iispace
Define iipulmonary iiedema ii- iiAnswers ii-Buildup iiof iifluid iiin iithe iiinterstitial iispace iiof iithe
iilungs
Which iican iibe iidrained iivia iithoracentesis? iipleural iieffusion, iior iipulmonary iiedema? ii-
iiAnswers ii-Pleural iieffusion
Define iiARDS ii- iiAnswers ii-Acute iiRespiratory iiDistress iiSyndrome ii- iiSevere
iirespiratory iicompromise iicaused iiby iia iiseries iiof iifactors.
5 iiStages iiof iiARDS ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiRespiratory iiAlkalosis ii(compensatory iistage)
2. iiAcidosis ii(respiratory iiand iimetabolic)
3. iiPulmonary iiEdema
4. iiClotting iistage
5. iiRespiratory iiFailure
Define iiCOPD ii- iiAnswers ii-Chronic iiObstructive iiPulmonary iiDisease ii- iia iigroup iiof
iilung iidiseases iithat iimake iibreathing iidifficult.
Two iimain iicauses iiof iiCOPD? ii- iiAnswers ii-Emphysema iiand iichronic iibronchitis
In iiCOPD, iiairflow iiis iiobstructed iiby iione iior iimore iiof iithe iifollowing iimechanisms:
ii(name ii4) ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiAirway iiand iialveoli iilose iitheir iielastic iiquality
2. iiThe iiwalls iibetween iialveoli iiare iidestroyed
, 3. iiWalls iiof iithe iiairways iibecome iithick iiand iiinflamed
4. iiOverproduction iiof iimucus
Define iiasthma ii- iiAnswers ii-(Reactive iiAirway iiDisease) iiis iia iichronic iiinflammatory
iidisorder iiof iithe iiairway. iiInflammation iiresults iifrom iiHYPER-RESPONSIVENESS iiof
iithe iiairway iito iiany iinumber iiof iiairborne iiirritants iifrom iipollen iito iiperfume; iiexercise,
iiinfections, iiair iipollution iiand iianxiety iican iiall iitrigger iian iiasthma iiattack.
What iiis iithe iimechanism iiof iiasthma? iiCharacteristic iisign? ii- iiAnswers ii-Products iiof
iiinflammation ii(chemical iimediators iiincluding, iibradykinins, iihistamine, iicytokines) iigo
iiinto iimass iiproduction iiand iioverwhelm iithe iilungs, iiresults iiin iichest iitightness iiand
iicharacteristic iiwheezing iisounds.
Define iiemphysema. ii- iiAnswers ii-Permanent iidamage iito iithe iilungs iias iiresult iiof iithe
iiinflammatory iiprocess. iiAbnormal ii[and iipermanent] iienlargement iiof iithe iiairways
iiaccompanied iiby iidestruction iiof iialveolar iiwalls iiwithout iiobvious iifibrosis. iiThe iilungs
iilose iitheir iiability iito iirecoil iiafter iieach iirespiration.
The iicharacteristic iisign iiof iiemphysema iiis... ii- iiAnswers ii-Barrel iiChest. ii(rounding iiof
iithe iichest iidue iito iiincreased iiWOB) iichange iifrom iioval iito iiround iishape.
Patients iiwith iiemphysema iilive iiwith iielevated ii______ iilevels, iias iia iiresult iithey iirely iion
ii__________. ii(how iishould iithis iieffect iitreatment?) ii- iiAnswers ii-CO2. iiAs iia iiresult
iithey iido iinot iirespond iito iihigh iiPCO2 iilevels iito iistimulate iiincreased iirespiration.
iiInstead iithey iirely iion iilow iiO2 iilevels iito iistimulate iiincreased iirespiration. iiBecause iiof
iithis, iiif iitoo iimuch iisupplemental iiO2 iiis iiprovided, iirespiratory iidrive iiwill iitank.
Define iibronchitis. iiResults iiin iiwhat iitwo iisigns? ii- iiAnswers ii-a iirespiratory iidisease iiin
iiwhich iithe iimucus iimembranes iiof iithe iibronchial iipassages iibecome iiinflamed. iiAs iithe
iiirritated iimembrane iiswells iiand iigrows iithicker iiit iinarrows iioff iiand iishuts iiof iialveolar
iipassageways. iiResults iiin iiproductive iicoughing iiand iibreathlessness.
Acute iiBronchitis: iiwhat iidifferentiates iithis iifrom iiChronic iiBronchitis? iiis iiit iia iiCOPD iior
iinot iia iiCOPD? ii- iiAnswers ii-Hacking iicough iiand iiphlegm iiproduction iithat iisometimes
iiaccompanies iian iiupper iirespiratory iiinfection. iiMucus iimembranes iishould iireturn iito
iinormal iiafter iiresolution iiof iithe iiinitial iilung iiinfection. iiNOT iiA iiCOPD.
Chronic iiBronchitis: iiwhat iidifferentiates iithis iifrom iiAcute iiBronchitis? iiis iiit iia iiCOPD iior
iinot iia iiCOPD? ii- iiAnswers ii-chronic iihyper-secretion iiof iithick iimucus ii(thicker iithan
iinormal) iiand iiproductive iicough iithat iilasts iifor iiat iileast ii3 iimonths iiof iithe iiyear iiand iifor
iiat iileast ii2 iiconsecutive iiyears. iiIncreases iimucus iiproduction iiand iithe iisize ii& iinumber
iiof iimucous iiglands iialong iiwith iidamage iito iicilia. iiIS iiA iiCOPD
Describe iithe iimechanism iiin iiwhich iismoking iicauses iidamage iito iithe iilungs, iiwhat
iispecific iiACUTE iicondition iileads iito iiwhat iispecific iiCHRONIC iicondition? ii(list ii3
iisteps) ii- iiAnswers ii-1. iiSmoke iidirectly iidamages iithe iicilia iiin iithe iilungs iithat iiare
