IOP1501 Assignment
4, Second Semester:
2024
positiveness - ANSWER ✓✓✓being goal-directed reinforcement -
ANSWER ✓✓✓the shaping of behaviour through reward or
punishment positive motivation - ANSWER ✓✓✓the
encouragement of positive behaviour negative motivation -
ANSWER ✓✓✓emphasising punishment job satisfaction - ANSWER
✓✓✓experiencing positive feelings about one's job rotation -
ANSWER ✓✓✓shifting a person to another job of the same level
enlargement - ANSWER ✓✓✓expanding a job horizontally, by
adding variety job enrichment - ANSWER ✓✓✓giving an employee
more authority over his/her job self-actualisation needs - ANSWER
✓✓✓the need to grow and express oneself propriate autonomy -
ANSWER ✓✓✓motives sprouting from the individual's self
perseverative autonomy - ANSWER ✓✓✓behavioural patterns not
maintained by original motives expectancy - ANSWER
✓✓✓subjective beliefs about the outcome of behaviour valence -
ANSWER ✓✓✓the positive or negative value of an outcome
instrumentality - ANSWER ✓✓✓the contingent relationship
between various outcomes self-efficacy - ANSWER
,✓✓✓experiencing control over event's in one's life locus of causality
- ANSWER ✓✓✓attributing the causes of events to internal or
external factors fairness - ANSWER ✓✓✓a favourable comparison
between inputs and outputs emotion process - ANSWER ✓✓✓a
series of particular steps that influence emotion unconscious
contents - ANSWER ✓✓✓instincts, ideas and emotions that affect
behaviour without the awareness of the person Motivation -
ANSWER ✓✓✓defined as purposeful and directional behaviour that
is aimed at achieving balance or psychological growth and renewal.
Various personal or internal and external or environmental
activators determine the direction and strength of motivation.
Hawthorne studies - ANSWER ✓✓✓-Elton Mayo between 1927
and 1932 -varying the lighting in the workplace for one group of
employees and leaving it constant for a second group -key insights
that the Hawthorne studies provided was that human factors, for
example social acceptance, are at least as important in human
motivation as the rate at which employees are paid, which led to
the birth of the human relations movement in people management
"Push" or drive theories of motivation - ANSWER ✓✓✓strength of
physiological drives (including hunger, thirst and sex) in activating
motivated behaviour. The purpose of drive-reduction behaviour is
seen as relieving bodily tension to restore homeostasis (physiological
balance). Extrinsic sources of motivation - ANSWER ✓✓✓External
activators are reinforcement and behaviour modification, goal-
setting, job content and job design. The purpose is to reward
performance and to design tasks and jobs in the best way to
motivate employees and to experience meaningfulness in their work.
Intrinsic sources of motivation - ANSWER ✓✓✓refers to behaviour
and attributes in the person that are motivating in themselves.
Examples include: to be valued as a person, getting job satisfaction,
being self-actualised, and being engaged in tasks and a positive
attitude and emotions in approaching life and tasks. Flow
, experiences - ANSWER ✓✓✓a person's optimal experience or sheer
enjoyment of and absorption in work and the processes involved in
executing activities in order to complete tasks and achieve certain
objectives. Engagement - ANSWER ✓✓✓more than just
involvement; it refers to employees who feel a passionate
involvement with their work and workplaces, or with working
towards achieving goals. positive resources that motivate -
ANSWER ✓✓✓Some of these concepts are "sense of coherence",
"hardiness", "learned resourcefulness" and "positive emotions" (like
happiness, humour and optimism). occurrence and intensity of
emotions - ANSWER ✓✓✓- differ from person 2 person -
mediated by the actual event, - the individual's appraisal of the
event, - the individual's action readiness, - the individual's
prevailing mood - individual's ability to regulate his/her emotions.
Primary emotions - ANSWER ✓✓✓are basic emotions that all
social mammals experience and include fear, joy, anger, fear,
disgust and sadness. Secondary emotions - ANSWER ✓✓✓how we
feel about and express emotions and are largely determined by
cultural norms about the primary emotion. Emotional intelligence -
ANSWER ✓✓✓perceived as peoples' ability to monitor their
emotional expressions which may influence their thinking, actions
and relationships. attitudes - ANSWER ✓✓✓the cognitive,
emotional and behavioural components that determine orientations
towards facts, people and events selective orientation - ANSWER
✓✓✓a unique set of values and attitudes beliefs - ANSWER
✓✓✓convictions opinions - ANSWER ✓✓✓unique cognitive
interpretations of the merits of an issue cognitive dissonance -
ANSWER ✓✓✓an imbalance between thoughts, beliefs or behaviour
self-perception - ANSWER ✓✓✓one's awareness and
interpretation of one's own behaviour credibility - ANSWER
✓✓✓reliability ascribed to an information source messages -
ANSWER ✓✓✓verbal or non-verbal communication transmitted
4, Second Semester:
2024
positiveness - ANSWER ✓✓✓being goal-directed reinforcement -
ANSWER ✓✓✓the shaping of behaviour through reward or
punishment positive motivation - ANSWER ✓✓✓the
encouragement of positive behaviour negative motivation -
ANSWER ✓✓✓emphasising punishment job satisfaction - ANSWER
✓✓✓experiencing positive feelings about one's job rotation -
ANSWER ✓✓✓shifting a person to another job of the same level
enlargement - ANSWER ✓✓✓expanding a job horizontally, by
adding variety job enrichment - ANSWER ✓✓✓giving an employee
more authority over his/her job self-actualisation needs - ANSWER
✓✓✓the need to grow and express oneself propriate autonomy -
ANSWER ✓✓✓motives sprouting from the individual's self
perseverative autonomy - ANSWER ✓✓✓behavioural patterns not
maintained by original motives expectancy - ANSWER
✓✓✓subjective beliefs about the outcome of behaviour valence -
ANSWER ✓✓✓the positive or negative value of an outcome
instrumentality - ANSWER ✓✓✓the contingent relationship
between various outcomes self-efficacy - ANSWER
,✓✓✓experiencing control over event's in one's life locus of causality
- ANSWER ✓✓✓attributing the causes of events to internal or
external factors fairness - ANSWER ✓✓✓a favourable comparison
between inputs and outputs emotion process - ANSWER ✓✓✓a
series of particular steps that influence emotion unconscious
contents - ANSWER ✓✓✓instincts, ideas and emotions that affect
behaviour without the awareness of the person Motivation -
ANSWER ✓✓✓defined as purposeful and directional behaviour that
is aimed at achieving balance or psychological growth and renewal.
Various personal or internal and external or environmental
activators determine the direction and strength of motivation.
Hawthorne studies - ANSWER ✓✓✓-Elton Mayo between 1927
and 1932 -varying the lighting in the workplace for one group of
employees and leaving it constant for a second group -key insights
that the Hawthorne studies provided was that human factors, for
example social acceptance, are at least as important in human
motivation as the rate at which employees are paid, which led to
the birth of the human relations movement in people management
"Push" or drive theories of motivation - ANSWER ✓✓✓strength of
physiological drives (including hunger, thirst and sex) in activating
motivated behaviour. The purpose of drive-reduction behaviour is
seen as relieving bodily tension to restore homeostasis (physiological
balance). Extrinsic sources of motivation - ANSWER ✓✓✓External
activators are reinforcement and behaviour modification, goal-
setting, job content and job design. The purpose is to reward
performance and to design tasks and jobs in the best way to
motivate employees and to experience meaningfulness in their work.
Intrinsic sources of motivation - ANSWER ✓✓✓refers to behaviour
and attributes in the person that are motivating in themselves.
Examples include: to be valued as a person, getting job satisfaction,
being self-actualised, and being engaged in tasks and a positive
attitude and emotions in approaching life and tasks. Flow
, experiences - ANSWER ✓✓✓a person's optimal experience or sheer
enjoyment of and absorption in work and the processes involved in
executing activities in order to complete tasks and achieve certain
objectives. Engagement - ANSWER ✓✓✓more than just
involvement; it refers to employees who feel a passionate
involvement with their work and workplaces, or with working
towards achieving goals. positive resources that motivate -
ANSWER ✓✓✓Some of these concepts are "sense of coherence",
"hardiness", "learned resourcefulness" and "positive emotions" (like
happiness, humour and optimism). occurrence and intensity of
emotions - ANSWER ✓✓✓- differ from person 2 person -
mediated by the actual event, - the individual's appraisal of the
event, - the individual's action readiness, - the individual's
prevailing mood - individual's ability to regulate his/her emotions.
Primary emotions - ANSWER ✓✓✓are basic emotions that all
social mammals experience and include fear, joy, anger, fear,
disgust and sadness. Secondary emotions - ANSWER ✓✓✓how we
feel about and express emotions and are largely determined by
cultural norms about the primary emotion. Emotional intelligence -
ANSWER ✓✓✓perceived as peoples' ability to monitor their
emotional expressions which may influence their thinking, actions
and relationships. attitudes - ANSWER ✓✓✓the cognitive,
emotional and behavioural components that determine orientations
towards facts, people and events selective orientation - ANSWER
✓✓✓a unique set of values and attitudes beliefs - ANSWER
✓✓✓convictions opinions - ANSWER ✓✓✓unique cognitive
interpretations of the merits of an issue cognitive dissonance -
ANSWER ✓✓✓an imbalance between thoughts, beliefs or behaviour
self-perception - ANSWER ✓✓✓one's awareness and
interpretation of one's own behaviour credibility - ANSWER
✓✓✓reliability ascribed to an information source messages -
ANSWER ✓✓✓verbal or non-verbal communication transmitted
