A&P 2 Final MGCCC Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions

A&P 2 Final MGCCC Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions List functions of the kidneys (pp. 995-996) - Answer-Excretion of wastes, regulation of blood ionic composition, regulation of blood pH, Regulation of blood volume, regulation of blood pressure, maintenance of blood osmolarity, production of hormones, regulation of hormones, regulation of blood glucose levels List waste products normally excreted by the kidneys (pg. 1011) - Answer-Water, proteins, Sodium ions, Chloride ions, Bicarbonate ions, glucose, urea, potassium ions, uric acid, creatinine Which layer of smooth dense irregular connective tissue covers the kidney and outer layer of the ureter? (pg. 995) - Answer-renal fascia Which portion of the kidney extends between the renal pyramids? (pg. 998) - Answer-renal columns List the order of blood flow through the kidneys (pg. 998) - Answer-Renal artery, Segmental arteries, Interlobar arteries, Arcuate arteries, Cortical radiate arteries, Afferent Arteries, Glomerular capillaries, efferent arterioles, peritubular capillaries, peritubular venules, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein List the order of filtrate flow through a cortical nephron (pg. 1001) - Answer-Glomerular capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of nephron loop, ascending limb of the nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 2/8 Which nephron structure reabsorbs the most substances? (pg. 1010) - Answer-proximal convoluted tubule Which nephron structure filters blood plasma? (pg. 999) - Answer-glomerulus What is reabsorption? (pg. 1005) - Answer-the process by which the nephron removes water and solutes from the tubular fluid and returns them to the circulating blood What is tubular secretion? (pg. 1005) - Answer-the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen; it is the opposite process of reabsorption What is the basement membrane? (pg. 1007) - Answer-thin, dense sheets of specialized, self- assembled extracellular matrix that surround most animal tissues What is myogenic mechanism? (pg. 1008) - Answer-how arteries and arterioles react to an increase or decrease of blood pressure to keep the blood flow constant within the blood vessel What is a transcellular reabsorption route? (pg. 1011) - Answer-passes from fluid in tubular lumen THROUGH apical membrane of a tubule cell, across the cytosol, and out into interstitial fluid through basolateral membrane. What percentage of filtered water do the proximal convoluted tubules reabsorb? (pg. 1012) - Answer-65% How does angiotensin II affect the kidneys? (pg. 1016) - Answer-acts to increase Na-H exchange, increasing sodium reabsorption. Increased levels of Na in the body acts to increase the osmolarity of the blood, leading to a shift of fluid into the blood volume and extracellular space Where does urea recycling occur? (pg. 1020) - Answer-loop of henle. EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 3/8 What happens to blood pH when the secretion of hydrogen ions (H+) increases? (pg. 1021) - Answer- pH lowers What happens to sodium (Na+) levels in the blood when the secretion of aldosterone increases? (pg. 1016) - Answer-increase sodium What is a urinalysis? (pg. 1022) - Answer-analysis of urine by physical, chemical, and microscopical means to test for the presence of disease, drugs, etc. What percentage of total volume of urine is water? (pg. 1022) - Answer-95% Why would a nephrologist order a plasma creatinine test for a patient? (pg. 1023) - Answer-to measure how well your kidneys are filtering your blood What is the function of the ureters? (pg. 1024) - Answer-carry the urine away from kidneys to the urinary bladder Which layer of the ureter is composed of connective tissue, collagen and elastic fibers? (pg. 1025) - Answer-Lamina Propria What is the location of the internal urethral orifice? (pg. 1025) - Answer-Opening of urethra to outside the body What is albuminuria? (pg. 1023) - Answer-Protein in urine What is ketonuria? List causes. (pg. 1023) - Answer-the excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine. caused by diabetes mellitus, starvation, or other medical conditions. EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 4/8 What is glucosuria? List causes. (pg. 1023) - Answer-glucose in the urine. 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes What is urobilinogenuria? List causes. (pg. 1023) - Answer-the presence of urobilinogen in the urine especially in excess. hemolytic or pernicious anemia, infectious hepatitis, biliary obstruction, jaundice, cirrhosis, congestive heart failure, infectious mononucleosis Which substance gives bile its major pigmentation? (pg. 1023) - An