Pathoma Chapter 1: Fundamentals Of Pathology – Q’s
And A’s (100% Accurate)
Hypertrophy involves (3) Right Ans - 1. Gene activation
2. Protein synthesis (cytoskeleton)
3. Production of organelles (mitochondria)
Production of new cells from stem cells = Right Ans - Hyperplasia
Example of hyperplasia and hypertrophy occurring *together* = Right Ans
- Uterus during pregnancy
Which cells undergo hypertrophy *only* because they are permanent? (3)
Right Ans - 1. Cardiac muscle
2. Skeletal muscle
3. Neurons
Example of pathologic hyperplasia → dysplasia → cancer = Right Ans -
Endometrial hyperplasia
Examples of things that lead to atrophy = (3) Right Ans - 1. ↓ hormonal
stimulation
2. Disuse
3. ↓ nutrients/blood supply
Decrease in cell number occurs via _______ Right Ans - Apoptosis
Decrease in cell size occurs via ________ Right Ans - Ubiquitin-proteosome
degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components
What does autophagy of cellular components involve? Right Ans -
Generation of autophagic vacuoles - these vacuoles fuse w/ lysosomes whose
hydrolytic enzymes break down cellular components
Change in stress on an organ leads to change in cell type; these cells are better
able to handle the new stress Right Ans - Metaplasia
, Barret's Esophagus involves metaplasia from ______ cells to _______ cells
Right Ans - 1. Non-keratinizing squamous epithelium
2. Non-ciliated mucin producing columnar cells (better able to handle stress of
acid)
T/F: Metaplasia may progress to dysplasia and cancer Right Ans - True;
Barret's Esophagus → adenocarcinoma
What type of metaplasia carries no ↑ risk of cancer? Right Ans - Apocrine
metaplasia of the breast (transformation of ductal epithelial cells to
eosinophilic cells resembling apocrine sweat glands)
What is keratomalacia? Right Ans - Metaplasia due to Vitamin A deficiency.
The thin squamous epithelium of the conjunctiva undergoes metaplasia into
stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium.
What is an example of a mesenchymal tissue that undergoes metaplasia?
Right Ans - Myositis ossificans in which CT within muscle changes to bone
during healing after trauma
_____ often arises from long standing pathologic hyperplasia (endometrial
hyperplasia) or metaplasia (Barrett's Esophagus) Right Ans - Dysplasia
Dysplasia is _____; if it persists, dysplasia progresses to ______ Right Ans - 1.
Reversible
2. Carcinoma (irreversible)
Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis resulting in a relatively
small organ = Right Ans - Hypoplasia
Example of hypoplasia = Right Ans - Streak ovary in Turner Syndrome
Which cells are highly susceptible to ischemic injury? Right Ans - Neurons
Slowly developing ischemia results in ______; for example: _______ Right Ans -
Atrophy → Renal artery atherosclerosis
Acute ischemia results in ______; for example ______ Right Ans - Injury →
renal artery embolus
And A’s (100% Accurate)
Hypertrophy involves (3) Right Ans - 1. Gene activation
2. Protein synthesis (cytoskeleton)
3. Production of organelles (mitochondria)
Production of new cells from stem cells = Right Ans - Hyperplasia
Example of hyperplasia and hypertrophy occurring *together* = Right Ans
- Uterus during pregnancy
Which cells undergo hypertrophy *only* because they are permanent? (3)
Right Ans - 1. Cardiac muscle
2. Skeletal muscle
3. Neurons
Example of pathologic hyperplasia → dysplasia → cancer = Right Ans -
Endometrial hyperplasia
Examples of things that lead to atrophy = (3) Right Ans - 1. ↓ hormonal
stimulation
2. Disuse
3. ↓ nutrients/blood supply
Decrease in cell number occurs via _______ Right Ans - Apoptosis
Decrease in cell size occurs via ________ Right Ans - Ubiquitin-proteosome
degradation of the cytoskeleton and autophagy of cellular components
What does autophagy of cellular components involve? Right Ans -
Generation of autophagic vacuoles - these vacuoles fuse w/ lysosomes whose
hydrolytic enzymes break down cellular components
Change in stress on an organ leads to change in cell type; these cells are better
able to handle the new stress Right Ans - Metaplasia
, Barret's Esophagus involves metaplasia from ______ cells to _______ cells
Right Ans - 1. Non-keratinizing squamous epithelium
2. Non-ciliated mucin producing columnar cells (better able to handle stress of
acid)
T/F: Metaplasia may progress to dysplasia and cancer Right Ans - True;
Barret's Esophagus → adenocarcinoma
What type of metaplasia carries no ↑ risk of cancer? Right Ans - Apocrine
metaplasia of the breast (transformation of ductal epithelial cells to
eosinophilic cells resembling apocrine sweat glands)
What is keratomalacia? Right Ans - Metaplasia due to Vitamin A deficiency.
The thin squamous epithelium of the conjunctiva undergoes metaplasia into
stratified keratinizing squamous epithelium.
What is an example of a mesenchymal tissue that undergoes metaplasia?
Right Ans - Myositis ossificans in which CT within muscle changes to bone
during healing after trauma
_____ often arises from long standing pathologic hyperplasia (endometrial
hyperplasia) or metaplasia (Barrett's Esophagus) Right Ans - Dysplasia
Dysplasia is _____; if it persists, dysplasia progresses to ______ Right Ans - 1.
Reversible
2. Carcinoma (irreversible)
Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis resulting in a relatively
small organ = Right Ans - Hypoplasia
Example of hypoplasia = Right Ans - Streak ovary in Turner Syndrome
Which cells are highly susceptible to ischemic injury? Right Ans - Neurons
Slowly developing ischemia results in ______; for example: _______ Right Ans -
Atrophy → Renal artery atherosclerosis
Acute ischemia results in ______; for example ______ Right Ans - Injury →
renal artery embolus
