EXPECTED NR 503 Week 4 Midterm final exam Quiz (detailed questions and answers)(latest 2023/2024 update) GRADED A+

EXPECTED NR 503 Week 4 Midterm final exam Quiz (detailed questions and answers)(latest 2023/2024 update) GRADED A+ What type of prevention is screening or exams? - ANSWER-Secondary Prevention Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER-What type of prevention is a cardiac or stroke rehabilitation program? What prevention attempts to minimize negative effects, prevents further disease or disorder related to complications, prevent relapse, and restore the highest physical or psychological functioning possible? - ANSWER-Tertiary Prevention What prevention emphasizes on early disease detection by screening? - ANSWER-Secondary Prevention Primary Prevention - ANSWER-What prevention refers to preventing disease before it occurs? Secondary Prevention - ANSWER-Which type of prevention are these examples of: -The APN screens all pregnant patients for Hepatitis B, and Group Beta Strep. -An APN school nurse examines all students for lice at the beginning of the school year. -Each year the school nurse administers a visual test to all students who do not wear glasses or contacts. -The APN supervised patients with smallpox who are quarantined. -Before immigrants are allowed to immigrate to the US, the public health nurse ensures that individuals have a chest x-ray. Tertiary Prevention - ANSWER-Which type of prevention are these examples of: -Mrs. A. goes directly to rehabilitation following a total hip replacement. -Mr. B. adopts a Health Heart diet to control his high cholesterol. -14 year old Lindsey Hemoglobin AC1 is within normal limits and is able to decrease her insulin. -Mrs. Brown, who has been diagnosed with osteoarthritis, is able to maintain normal activity without pain if she is compliant with her treatment plan. -Many trauma patients can resume normal activities after rehabilitation. Primary Prevention - ANSWER-What type of prevention are these examples of: -The APN teaching students who are not pregnant about birth control and natural family planning methods. -The APN plans and participates in an immunization clinic for a school population that is lacking many of the mandated state immunizations. -Smoking is prohibited on air planes and most public facilities. -The APN supports legislation that is passed which ensures that working mothers have release time to breastfeed and/or pump. -The APN is active in his/her professional organization to lobby that pesticides are banned from commercial use for food production. How does a provider determine the usefulness, appropriateness, of a screening test? - ANSWER-The target population needs to be identifiable and accessible and the disease should affect a sufficient number of people. The screening test should be sensitive enough to detect most cases and be specific enough to limit the number of false positives. Screening test should be relatively inexpensive, easy to administer, and have minimal side effects. The validity of the screening test is the ability to accurately identify those that have the disease. Where would a NP look to find a screening test? - ANSWER-US Preventive Services Task, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality What determines if a screening test should be used? - ANSWER-Determining if a screening test should be used can be evaluated by the success of a screening tool. Does the screening tool do what it was intended to do and reduce the overall mortality, decrease case fatality, increase early detection, reduce complications or increase quality of life? Can you explain what "descriptive epidemiology" means? What is the purpose? How is it used? - ANSWER-Concerned with characterizing the amount and distribution of health and disease within a population. Through the process of looking at rates, incidence, prevalence, mortality, survival, and prognosis we have and understanding of a disease and knowledge of how populations differ. Also, what interventions would be best for who. How are causation and descriptive epidemiology related, how do they work together to aid evidence-based care? - ANSWER-Descriptive epidemiology is the first step in any epidemiology investigation or in analyzing any health problem from a research perspective. Causation is found through further research study to determine the best interventions in patient care and overall population health. They both work together to aid evidence-based care by describing patterns of disease in populations and identifying potential risk factors. What does "causation" mean? - ANSWER-The relationship between cause and effect Can you relate causation to primary, secondary and tertiary interventions? - ANSWER-Causation is the cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. Such as smoking increases risk of lung cancer. Primary intervention would be to eliminate or reduce factors related to the variable. Such as reducing factors that cause asthma-obesity, pollution, sedentary lifestyle. Secondary intervention would be early detection of asthma symptoms. Tertiary interventions would be managing the asthma and stopping the progression of the asthma. What are the 5W's of descriptive epidemiology: - ANSWER-What = health issue of concern Who = person Where = place When = time Why/how = causes, risk factors, modes of transmission Are you able to discuss "surveillance" and it's relationship to "causation"? - ANSWER-Surveillance is the collection, analysis and dissemination of information pertaining to the occurrence of a disease. In order to know what causes diseases, we must use surveillance. How do we determine which tests are good to use? - ANSWER-Validity, reliability, cost effective, improve quality of life or outcomes. How does social justice and health inequities influence population health care provision? Why is this critical information for the provision of evidence-based care? - ANSWER-Social justice speaks to equal health care and the quality of healthcare to all individuals. If social justice is not performed then population health care will not be adequate. If all Indvidual's are not provided with equal opportunity to. What is the Campaign for Action? - ANSWER-Collaborates with nurses, healthcare providers, consumers, educators, and businesses in every state to improve health and health equity by strengthening nursing. What is a case-control study and how does it differ (or how is it the same) as the cohort study design? - ANSWER-The case-control method is also a type of observational study that enables researchers to monitor numerous risk factors at once to identify links and exposures during outbreaks. The cohort method is a type of observational study that assists to determine the incidence rate of the disease. Can you talk about the ways bias shows up in a study design (such as, selection bias) etc.? - ANSWER-Selection bias occurs when subjects in a sample are not representative of the population of interest. For example, selecting only males for a study is not representative of the whole population. Informational bias can occur when information is not complete or may be inaccurate. For example, blood pressure reading taken from cuffs that are too small. What is different in a randomized control trial than, for instance, a case-control study (or a cohort study)? What does it mean to show a causal relationship? - ANSWER-Randomized controlled trial: (RCT) A study in which people are allocated at random (by chance alone) to receive one of several clinical interventions. One of these interventions is the standard of comparison or control. The control may be a standard practice, a placebo ("sugar pill"), or no intervention at all. A case-control study is a type of observational study commonly used to look at factors associated with diseases or outcomes. The case-control study starts with a group of cases, which are the individuals who have the outcome of interest. Then, a control group is selected that does not have the outcome of interest. The two groups are then compared to identify factors that may be associated with the outcome A cohort study is a type of observational study that follows a group of participants over a period of time, examining how certain factors (like exposure to a given risk factor) affect their health outcomes. The individuals in the cohort have a characteristic or lived experien What is an intervention group? Where is it found? - ANSWER-An intervention group is a group of participants in a study who are assigned to receive the intervention being tested. It can be found in randomized controlled trials, where one group of participants is assigned to receive the intervention and the other group acts as the control. Can you explain a retrospective versus a prospective study design? What are the pros and cons of each? - ANSWER-A retrospective study design looks back in time, while a prospective study design looks forward. Retrospective studies are less expensive and time consuming but are more prone to bias than prospective studies. Prospective studies are more expensive and time consuming but the are less prone to bias than retrospective studies. How are groups selected for each of the study designs? - ANSWER-Groups for each study design are typically selected based on predetermined criteria, such as certain demographics or risk factors. For example, in a case control study, cases and controls are typically chosen based on having or not having a certain disease. What is meant by "scientific misconduct"? - ANSWER-Any intentional or unintentional action that leads to inaccurate or misleading research results. Fabrication of data, plagiarism, failure to disclose conflicts of interest Differentiate: random error, systematic error, confounding error. - ANSWER-Random error is random variation in the measurement of a variable die to chance. Systematic error is a bias or consistent deviation from the true value die to some systematic cause, such as faulty instruments or poor technique. Confounding error is when the effect of one factor is confounded with the effect of another factor. What are methods to measure health outcomes? - ANSWER-can include measures associated with vital statistics such as births, deaths, marriages, divorces, fetal deaths, abortions, social determinants, morbidity, poverty rates What are elements of the Action Model? - ANSWER-addresses the places where health starts (where we live, learn, work, and play). It emphasizes the determinants and ecological nature of health in campus communities and promotes the importance of implementing interventions that address health at multiple levels, including individual level interventions and changing social environments, physical environments and polices within a campus community. Morbidity - ANSWER-The condition of suffering from a disease or medical condition Mortality - ANSWER-refers to the state or condition of being subject to death; mortal character, nature, or existence. It can also refer to the number of deaths in a population during a given time or place; the proportion of deaths to population; mortality rate Incidence - ANSWER-measure the appearance of new cases Prevalence - ANSWER-The number of affected persons present in the population at a specific time divided by the number of persons in the population at that same time Epidemiology - ANSWER-The science of public health; concerned with the study of factors determining and influencing the frequency and distribution of disease, injury, and other health-related events and their causes Population health - ANSWER-Focuses on risk, data demographics and outcomes for large groups; focus of care at aggregate and community levels and examination of environmental, occupational, cultural and socioeconomic dimensions of health. Social justice - ANSWER-a noun that means justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society Period prevalence rate - ANSWER-refers to prevalence measured over an interval of time. It is the proportion of persons with a particular disease or attribute at any time during the interval. Sensitivity - ANSWER-a measure of a screening test's ability to accurately identify a disease when it is present Specificity - ANSWER-a measure of a screening test's ability to correctly identify a person without disease with a negative test result Positive predictive value - ANSWER-a measure of the probability of a positive test result when the disease is present epidemiological triangle - ANSWER-a model for explaining the factors that contribute to the spread of disease: an agent, a host and an environment Confounding variables - ANSWER-variable that is not included in a study, yet affects both the independent variable (the factor being studied) and the dependent variable (the outcome of interest) Study methods - ANSWER-refer to the specific tools and procedures used to collect and analyze data Levels of Evidence - ANSWER-(sometimes called hierarchy of evidence) are assigned to studies based on the methodological quality of their design, validity, and applicability to patient care. Website reliability - ANSWER-refers to the ability of a website to perform its intended functions without any issues or errors. Rapid cycle improvement model - ANSWER-An improvement model that supports repeated incremental improvements in practice to optimize performance.