CRIMINOLOGY UNIT 2 CRIMINOLOGICAL g g g
g THEORIES REVIEW 2024 WITH MULTIPLE
g g g g
g CORRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTIONS g g
g{GRADED A+} g
Norms g g g g g g g g✔✔- gThe gnormal gway gof gbehaving gin gsociety. gAll glaws gare gnorms g(such gas gnot
gkilling gsomeone) gbut gnot gall gnorms gare glaws g(such gas gcoming gto gcollege gwith gyour ghomework).
gSomeone gwho gbreaks ga gnorm gis gconsidered gdeviant.
Deviance g g g g g g g g✔✔- gDeviance gis gany gbehaviour gthat gdiffers gfrom gnormal. gIn gother gwords, git gis
gbehaviour gthat gis gunusual, guncommon gor gout gof gthe gordinary gin gsome gway. gIt gcould gbe
gunusual gin gone gof gthe gthree gdifferent gways:
- gBehaviour gthat gis gunusual gand ggood, gsuch gas gheroically grisking gone's gown glife gto gsave
gsomeone gelse
- gBehaviour gthat gis gunusual gand geccentric gor gbizarre, gsuch gas gtalking gto gthe gtrees gin gthe gpark,
gor ghoarding ghuge gquantities gof gold gnewspapers
- gBehaviour gthat gis gunusual gand gbad gor gdisapproved gof, gsuch gas gphysically gattacking gsomeone
gfor gno greason.
The gfinal gdefinition gis gthe gmost grelevant gto gcriminologists. gThis gtype gof gdeviance ginvolves
gbreaking ga grule gor gnorm gof gsome gkind.
This grule-breaking gleads gto ga gcritical, ghostile gor gdisapproving greaction gfrom gothers.
,Values g g g g g g g g✔✔- gSpecific gcultural ggoals. gNorms gfollow gthese gvalues. gA gnorm gprescribes gthe
gactual gbehaviour gand ga gvalue gjustifies gthat gbehaviour. gValues gare gthe greason gwhy gsome gactions
gare gapproved gof gmore gthan gothers.
Norms gand gValues gExample g g g g g g g g✔✔- gGoing gto gwork.
Value g= gearn gmoney gto gprovide gfor gfamily.
Norm g= ggoing gto gwork.
Criminal gnorm g= gnefarious gacts gsuch gas gtheft gor gfraud.
Sanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- gPunishments gagainst gsomeone gwho gbreaks glaws/norms gand gthey gdepend
gon gthe gseverity gof gthe gact.
Informal gSanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- gWhen gpeople gare gpunished gfor gnot gfollowing gsocial gnorms gin
gan ginformal gsetting. gAn gexample gis ga gparent ggrounding gtheir gchild.
Formal gSanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- gWhen gsocial gnorms gare gbeing genforced gat ga glegal glevel g(breaking
gthe glaw.) gAn gexample gis gimprisonment gafter gcommitting ga gcrime.
Examples gof gformal gnegative gsanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- grecieveing ga gprison gsentence
- gbeing gordered gto gpay ga gfine
- gcommunity gservice
Examples gof ginformal gnegative gsanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- ga gfriend gtelling gyou goff gfor gspeeding
- gparents ggrounding ga gteenager gfor gsmoking gunderage
Social gConstruction g g g g g g g g✔✔- gA gview gthat gthings gsuch gas gcrime ghave gno g'objective greality'
gand gare ginstead gconstructed gby gsociety. gWhat gconstitutes ga gcrime gtends gto galter gaccording gto
,gtime, gculture gand gcircumstances. gNorms gare gthe gproducts gof gsocial gconstruction. gBehaviour gcan
gvary gin gbeing gnormal gor gabnormal gdepending gon gthe gsituation, gtime gand gplace. gTherefore, gboth
gcrime gand gdeviance gis grelative.
How glaws gchange gfrom gculture gto gculture g g g g g g g g✔✔- gDifferent gcultures ghave gdifferent
gexpectations gof gappropriate gbehaviour. gWhat gis ga gcrime gin gone gculture gis gnot gin ganother.
gParticular gdifficulties gcan garise gwhen ga gperson gwho ghas gtheir gorigins gin gcultural gbackground glive
gin ga gdifferent gculture, gbut gprefer gto gretain gtheir gown gcultural gideas gof gwhat gis gright gor gwrong
Examples gof gdifferent glaws gbetween gcultures g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gFemale gGenital gMutilation
- gBigamy
- gEuthanasia
- gSmacking gchildren
- gDrugs gsuch gas galcohol gor gcannabis
- gHomosexuality
- gSame-sex gmarriage
- gAbortion
Culturally gdifferent glaws gwhich gare glegal gin gthe gUK g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gSmacking gchildren
- gHomosexuality
- gSame-sex gmarriage
- gAbortion
Culturally gdifferent glaws gwhich gare gillegal gin gthe gUK g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gFemale gGenital gMutilation
- gBigamy
- gEuthanasia
- gDrugs gsuch gas gcannabis
, How glaws gchange gover gtime g g g g g g g g✔✔- gThe gdefinition gof gcrime gchanges gto greflect gsociety's
gchanging gnorms gand gvalues. gWe gcan ggain ginsight ginto gthe gsocially gconstructed gnature gof gcrime
gby glooking gat ghow gthe gtreatment gof gcertain gbehaviours gvaries gover gtime. gThe g1960s gin gBritain
gare goften grefered gto gas gthe g'permissive gage'. gThis gwas gintended gto gconvey gwhat gwas gperceived
gto gbe gthe ggeneral gloosening gof gmoral gcodes gin gthe gperiod. gIt gwas galso ga gtime gwhen ga gseries
gof gliberalising glaws gwere gpassed.
Examples gof gcriminalisation gin gthe gUK g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gIt gwas gillegal gto gtake gheroin gup guntil gthe
gfirst gworld gwar g(around g1920). gAfter gthis gthe guse gwas grestricted gbut git gcould gstill gbe gprescribed
gby ga gdoctor guntil gthe g1960's.
- gIt gused gto gbe glegal gto gsmoke gin gUK gpubs gand gclubs. gHowever, gthe glaw gwas gchanged gin g2007.
- gIncest gwas gnot gregarded gas ga gcrime guntil g1908.
Examples gof gdecriminalisation gin gthe gUK g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gThe gabortion gact g1967 gmade git gpossible
gfor gwomen gto ghave ga gpregnancy gterminated. gPrior gto g1967 gabortion gwas gillegal.
- gAttempted gsuicide gwas gregarded gas ga gcriminal goffence guntil g1961.
- gUNtil g1967 gany gmale ghomosexual gbehaviour gwas gconsidered gto gbe ga gcriminal gact gpunishable
gby gimprisonment. gHowever, gthe gage gof gconsent gwas gset gat g21 gyears. gThe gage gof gconsent gwas
glowered gto g18 gin g1979. gIn g2000, gthis gwas glowered gto g16 gyears, gin gline gwith gthe gheterosexual
gage gof gconsent.
- gIn gthe gUSA gthe gNational gprohibition gact gwas gpassed gin g1919 gand gstayed gin gplace guntil g1933.
gThis gbanned gthe gproduction gand gsale gof galcohol.
How glaws gare gapplied gdifferently gaccording gto gcircumstances gin gwhich gactions goccur g g g g g g g
g✔✔- gPlace g- gThe glocation gor gsituation gof gthe goffence
Specific gcircumstances: gcrime gshould ginvolve gconscious grule-breaking.
Age: gif ga gperson gis gbelow gthe gage gof gcriminal gresponsibility gan gact gwould gnot gbe gconsidered ga
gcrime.
Mental gHealth: gThose gsuffering gfrom gsome gforms gof gmental gillness gare gconsidered gincapable gof
gconscious gintention.
g THEORIES REVIEW 2024 WITH MULTIPLE
g g g g
g CORRECTLY ANSWERED QUESTIONS g g
g{GRADED A+} g
Norms g g g g g g g g✔✔- gThe gnormal gway gof gbehaving gin gsociety. gAll glaws gare gnorms g(such gas gnot
gkilling gsomeone) gbut gnot gall gnorms gare glaws g(such gas gcoming gto gcollege gwith gyour ghomework).
gSomeone gwho gbreaks ga gnorm gis gconsidered gdeviant.
Deviance g g g g g g g g✔✔- gDeviance gis gany gbehaviour gthat gdiffers gfrom gnormal. gIn gother gwords, git gis
gbehaviour gthat gis gunusual, guncommon gor gout gof gthe gordinary gin gsome gway. gIt gcould gbe
gunusual gin gone gof gthe gthree gdifferent gways:
- gBehaviour gthat gis gunusual gand ggood, gsuch gas gheroically grisking gone's gown glife gto gsave
gsomeone gelse
- gBehaviour gthat gis gunusual gand geccentric gor gbizarre, gsuch gas gtalking gto gthe gtrees gin gthe gpark,
gor ghoarding ghuge gquantities gof gold gnewspapers
- gBehaviour gthat gis gunusual gand gbad gor gdisapproved gof, gsuch gas gphysically gattacking gsomeone
gfor gno greason.
The gfinal gdefinition gis gthe gmost grelevant gto gcriminologists. gThis gtype gof gdeviance ginvolves
gbreaking ga grule gor gnorm gof gsome gkind.
This grule-breaking gleads gto ga gcritical, ghostile gor gdisapproving greaction gfrom gothers.
,Values g g g g g g g g✔✔- gSpecific gcultural ggoals. gNorms gfollow gthese gvalues. gA gnorm gprescribes gthe
gactual gbehaviour gand ga gvalue gjustifies gthat gbehaviour. gValues gare gthe greason gwhy gsome gactions
gare gapproved gof gmore gthan gothers.
Norms gand gValues gExample g g g g g g g g✔✔- gGoing gto gwork.
Value g= gearn gmoney gto gprovide gfor gfamily.
Norm g= ggoing gto gwork.
Criminal gnorm g= gnefarious gacts gsuch gas gtheft gor gfraud.
Sanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- gPunishments gagainst gsomeone gwho gbreaks glaws/norms gand gthey gdepend
gon gthe gseverity gof gthe gact.
Informal gSanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- gWhen gpeople gare gpunished gfor gnot gfollowing gsocial gnorms gin
gan ginformal gsetting. gAn gexample gis ga gparent ggrounding gtheir gchild.
Formal gSanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- gWhen gsocial gnorms gare gbeing genforced gat ga glegal glevel g(breaking
gthe glaw.) gAn gexample gis gimprisonment gafter gcommitting ga gcrime.
Examples gof gformal gnegative gsanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- grecieveing ga gprison gsentence
- gbeing gordered gto gpay ga gfine
- gcommunity gservice
Examples gof ginformal gnegative gsanctions g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- ga gfriend gtelling gyou goff gfor gspeeding
- gparents ggrounding ga gteenager gfor gsmoking gunderage
Social gConstruction g g g g g g g g✔✔- gA gview gthat gthings gsuch gas gcrime ghave gno g'objective greality'
gand gare ginstead gconstructed gby gsociety. gWhat gconstitutes ga gcrime gtends gto galter gaccording gto
,gtime, gculture gand gcircumstances. gNorms gare gthe gproducts gof gsocial gconstruction. gBehaviour gcan
gvary gin gbeing gnormal gor gabnormal gdepending gon gthe gsituation, gtime gand gplace. gTherefore, gboth
gcrime gand gdeviance gis grelative.
How glaws gchange gfrom gculture gto gculture g g g g g g g g✔✔- gDifferent gcultures ghave gdifferent
gexpectations gof gappropriate gbehaviour. gWhat gis ga gcrime gin gone gculture gis gnot gin ganother.
gParticular gdifficulties gcan garise gwhen ga gperson gwho ghas gtheir gorigins gin gcultural gbackground glive
gin ga gdifferent gculture, gbut gprefer gto gretain gtheir gown gcultural gideas gof gwhat gis gright gor gwrong
Examples gof gdifferent glaws gbetween gcultures g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gFemale gGenital gMutilation
- gBigamy
- gEuthanasia
- gSmacking gchildren
- gDrugs gsuch gas galcohol gor gcannabis
- gHomosexuality
- gSame-sex gmarriage
- gAbortion
Culturally gdifferent glaws gwhich gare glegal gin gthe gUK g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gSmacking gchildren
- gHomosexuality
- gSame-sex gmarriage
- gAbortion
Culturally gdifferent glaws gwhich gare gillegal gin gthe gUK g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gFemale gGenital gMutilation
- gBigamy
- gEuthanasia
- gDrugs gsuch gas gcannabis
, How glaws gchange gover gtime g g g g g g g g✔✔- gThe gdefinition gof gcrime gchanges gto greflect gsociety's
gchanging gnorms gand gvalues. gWe gcan ggain ginsight ginto gthe gsocially gconstructed gnature gof gcrime
gby glooking gat ghow gthe gtreatment gof gcertain gbehaviours gvaries gover gtime. gThe g1960s gin gBritain
gare goften grefered gto gas gthe g'permissive gage'. gThis gwas gintended gto gconvey gwhat gwas gperceived
gto gbe gthe ggeneral gloosening gof gmoral gcodes gin gthe gperiod. gIt gwas galso ga gtime gwhen ga gseries
gof gliberalising glaws gwere gpassed.
Examples gof gcriminalisation gin gthe gUK g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gIt gwas gillegal gto gtake gheroin gup guntil gthe
gfirst gworld gwar g(around g1920). gAfter gthis gthe guse gwas grestricted gbut git gcould gstill gbe gprescribed
gby ga gdoctor guntil gthe g1960's.
- gIt gused gto gbe glegal gto gsmoke gin gUK gpubs gand gclubs. gHowever, gthe glaw gwas gchanged gin g2007.
- gIncest gwas gnot gregarded gas ga gcrime guntil g1908.
Examples gof gdecriminalisation gin gthe gUK g g g g g g g g✔✔- g- gThe gabortion gact g1967 gmade git gpossible
gfor gwomen gto ghave ga gpregnancy gterminated. gPrior gto g1967 gabortion gwas gillegal.
- gAttempted gsuicide gwas gregarded gas ga gcriminal goffence guntil g1961.
- gUNtil g1967 gany gmale ghomosexual gbehaviour gwas gconsidered gto gbe ga gcriminal gact gpunishable
gby gimprisonment. gHowever, gthe gage gof gconsent gwas gset gat g21 gyears. gThe gage gof gconsent gwas
glowered gto g18 gin g1979. gIn g2000, gthis gwas glowered gto g16 gyears, gin gline gwith gthe gheterosexual
gage gof gconsent.
- gIn gthe gUSA gthe gNational gprohibition gact gwas gpassed gin g1919 gand gstayed gin gplace guntil g1933.
gThis gbanned gthe gproduction gand gsale gof galcohol.
How glaws gare gapplied gdifferently gaccording gto gcircumstances gin gwhich gactions goccur g g g g g g g
g✔✔- gPlace g- gThe glocation gor gsituation gof gthe goffence
Specific gcircumstances: gcrime gshould ginvolve gconscious grule-breaking.
Age: gif ga gperson gis gbelow gthe gage gof gcriminal gresponsibility gan gact gwould gnot gbe gconsidered ga
gcrime.
Mental gHealth: gThose gsuffering gfrom gsome gforms gof gmental gillness gare gconsidered gincapable gof
gconscious gintention.
