NUTR 3360 Quiz 1 | Questions and Answers

NUTR 3360 Quiz 1 | Questions and Answers Obesity a global epidemic: Are more people worldwide overweight or obese? overweight A perfect storm: which statement is true? a) blood pressure, diabetes and obesity are skyrocketing only in adults? b)only obesity is increasing? c) obesity rate are staying constant? d) blood pressure, diabetes and obesity are skyrocketing especially in younger age groups? Why study obesity? a) it is a modern problem b) it is major burden on social and medical programs c) prevalence continues to rise d) obesity related health complications are rising as obesity rises e) all of the above The economics of obesity: name two ways that obesity affects the economy? Loss of productivity and medical cost Obesity as a risk factor: T/F; There is a direct relationship between increase BMI and increase health related problems True Does obesity alter life expectancy? yes, the younger you are when you develop obesity the more it effects quality and life expectancy. (the more obese you are the more years of life lost.) Name three ways to manage obesity? 1. Lifestyle 2. Medical 3. Surgery Studying obesity is complex because it has a; a) systems complexity b) developmental complexity c) genetic complexity d) environmental complexity e) 2 of the above f) 3 of the above g) all of the above What era are we in? post genomic era (started in 2003 after mapping genome race of public vs private) What is the genome of an organism? 1. the genetic material of the organism 2. contains the hereditary information of the organism 3. consists of both coding and non coding regions The C-value paradox states that: a) there is a direct relation ship between organismal complexity and genome size b) there is no relationship between organismal complexity and genome size c) organismal complexity is dependent on environmental factors that alter the genome Genomics to health examples are: a) personalized medicine b) to determine how genes contribute to health and disease c) to advance technology and accelerate research d) motivate behavioural chages e) all of the above The early days of studying genetics; which method was used? Sanger or dideoxycytidine method What are the 4 Ps of personalized medicine? 1. Prediction 2. prevention 3. personalization 4. participation Sequencing the human genome: Why were there two different approaches to sequence the genome? different goals (Public wanted to sequence the entire genome, Private wanted to sequence the protein coding regions) Name the two methods used to sequence the human genome and which consortium used them? Bacterial artificial clones (BAC), Public and shotgun sequencing, Private Primary difference between the two methods: a) how they fragmented the DNA b) one method took more years to accomplish then the other c) how DNA was reassembled d)2 of the above What is BAC; which statement is untrue? a) Circular DNA found in bacteria b) used as a vector c) Plasmids hold less DNA then a chromosome Put the Steps of BAC to BAC sequencing in order: 1. Sequence landmarks 2. sequence alignment 3. M13 library 4. BAC library 5. separate chromosome into 15,000 bp 6. Sanger sequencing a) 1,2,3,5,4,6 b) 5,4,1,3,6,2 c)6,5,4,3,2,1 d) 1,4,5,2,6,3 Shot gun sequencing skips which steps: a) sequence landmarks and M13 library b) Sanger sequencing and M13 library c)sequence landmarks and sequence alignment d) Sanger sequencing and sequence alignment Which approach fits these pros and cons? Advantages; quicker Sanger sequencing stage, less chance to mess up reassembly as location better known Disadvantages; laborious and time consuming, bioinformatically heavy a) BAC approach b) shotgun approach Advantages and disadvantages of shot gun are? Advantages: 1. generally quicker Disadvantages: 1. Bioinformatically heavy 2. major problems with repeat sequences Hoe genetically similar are humans? 99% (was thought to be 99.9% but CNVs cause 1 percent difference between two chromosomes) Early proof of heritability; when studying 23 pairs of twin on a diet what was observed? a) there was no difference outcomes between twins and sets of twins b)there was a difference between twins and sets of twins c)there was no difference between twins but a difference between sets of twins d) there was a difference between twins but note between sets of twins Structural variations in a genome: name the two types? microscopic variants and small scale variants T/F Non coding DNA is junk DNA F (it codes for functional non coding Rna, promoter and repressor sequences and 3D folding in space) How do SD an CNV happen? Hint 2 ways 1. recombination within a chromosome 2. recombination between 2 non- homologous chromosomes Segmental duplications are; which is true? a) bigger the 1kb and have greater the 90% genetic identity b) found on the same genome c) are specificically determined to where they will go d) occur through recombination e) a and d are correct f) a and b are correct SDs influence genotype: How do they directly affect genotype? influence gene expression SDs influence genotype: How do they indirectly affect genotype? cause structural rearrangements within chromosome Copy number variants: which is false? a) found on the same chromosome b) range from 1kb to 1 mb in size c) are randomly located d) cause 1 percent difference between two genomes CNVs can affect phenotypes: T/F directly through gene expression and indirectly as they alter genome sequence FALSE (only directly)