EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED,
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
CCJ 4700 FSU Wenger - exam 1 Practice
Questions and Answers
What is methodology? - Answer✔✔--the science of finding out
1. systematic procedures
2. technique
3. model inquiry
What is empirical knowledge? - Answer✔✔--Knowledge based on what we
experience and observe
What are the *4 ways of "knowing"*? Which is the most influential? -
Answer✔✔-1. Authority
2. Tradition
3. Personal experience
4.*Scientific approach* most influential (empirical research)
What is authority? What are the pros and cons to this way of "Knowing"? -
Answer✔✔--Gaining knowledge from those with expertise
Pros
1. quick, easy
2. experts spend much time on learning something in particular
Cons
1. overstated expertise
2. ulterior motive
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3. misplaced authority
What is tradition? What are the cons to his way of "knowing"? - Answer✔✔--authority
in the past "everybody knows" "its always been this way"
Cons
1. history can change
2. often not true in first place
3. can result in the spread of misinformation
What are the *downsides* and potential pitfalls of *personal experience*? -
Answer✔✔-1. Overgeneralization
2. Selective Observation
3. Premature Closure
4. Halo Effect
Define and give example of downsides of personal experience:
1. Overgeneralization - Answer✔✔-observing few events and taking them as
evidence of a general pattern
example: knowing a few pit bulls to be vicious
and assuming that all pit bulls are vicious
Define and give example of downside of personal experience:
2. Selective observation - Answer✔✔-noticing events that confirm what we already
believe and ignoring or discrediting events that are not supportive
2/39
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example: noticing professor that are rude and
ignoring the professors that are helpful
Define and give example of downside of personal experience
3. Premature Closure - Answer✔✔-not considering alternative once you make up
your mind
example: i know a couple of people who
smoked two packs a day and lived to be 80, so
smoking isn't harmful
Define and give example of downside of personal experience
4. Halo Effect - Answer✔✔-giving a noun a person we respect an overly high amount
of prestige and authority
example: assuming a paper created by a
Harvard student is higher quality compared to
a paper written by a student from University of
Phoenix
What are the *scientific safeguards* against the pitfalls? - Answer✔✔-1. Conscious
training
2. Measurement devices
3/39
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*3. Replication - doing that same study again to make sure make sure that the finding
remains the same*
4. Research designs- different ways to answer the same question
5. Peer review
6. Constant reinvestigation- looking over the same issues and attempting to build more
knowledge
What is replication? - Answer✔✔--doing that same study again to make sure make
sure that the finding remains the same
What is *social science*? Who or what do we investigate in a social science (as
opposed to natural science)? - Answer✔✔--the use of scientific methods to
investigate individuals, societies, and social processes
- including questions related to criminology
and criminal justice; the knowledge is
produced by these investigations.
*Why* do we conduct social research? (A-E) - Answer✔✔-A) Answer practical
questions
-Will reducing class size help students to learn
better?
B) Make informed decisions
-Will increasing the number of police on foot
patrols reduce crime?
C) Make money
-Which location will result in the least shoplifting
4/39
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
CCJ 4700 FSU Wenger - exam 1 Practice
Questions and Answers
What is methodology? - Answer✔✔--the science of finding out
1. systematic procedures
2. technique
3. model inquiry
What is empirical knowledge? - Answer✔✔--Knowledge based on what we
experience and observe
What are the *4 ways of "knowing"*? Which is the most influential? -
Answer✔✔-1. Authority
2. Tradition
3. Personal experience
4.*Scientific approach* most influential (empirical research)
What is authority? What are the pros and cons to this way of "Knowing"? -
Answer✔✔--Gaining knowledge from those with expertise
Pros
1. quick, easy
2. experts spend much time on learning something in particular
Cons
1. overstated expertise
2. ulterior motive
1/39
, EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED,
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
3. misplaced authority
What is tradition? What are the cons to his way of "knowing"? - Answer✔✔--authority
in the past "everybody knows" "its always been this way"
Cons
1. history can change
2. often not true in first place
3. can result in the spread of misinformation
What are the *downsides* and potential pitfalls of *personal experience*? -
Answer✔✔-1. Overgeneralization
2. Selective Observation
3. Premature Closure
4. Halo Effect
Define and give example of downsides of personal experience:
1. Overgeneralization - Answer✔✔-observing few events and taking them as
evidence of a general pattern
example: knowing a few pit bulls to be vicious
and assuming that all pit bulls are vicious
Define and give example of downside of personal experience:
2. Selective observation - Answer✔✔-noticing events that confirm what we already
believe and ignoring or discrediting events that are not supportive
2/39
, EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED,
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
example: noticing professor that are rude and
ignoring the professors that are helpful
Define and give example of downside of personal experience
3. Premature Closure - Answer✔✔-not considering alternative once you make up
your mind
example: i know a couple of people who
smoked two packs a day and lived to be 80, so
smoking isn't harmful
Define and give example of downside of personal experience
4. Halo Effect - Answer✔✔-giving a noun a person we respect an overly high amount
of prestige and authority
example: assuming a paper created by a
Harvard student is higher quality compared to
a paper written by a student from University of
Phoenix
What are the *scientific safeguards* against the pitfalls? - Answer✔✔-1. Conscious
training
2. Measurement devices
3/39
, EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR ©2024 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED,
FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024
*3. Replication - doing that same study again to make sure make sure that the finding
remains the same*
4. Research designs- different ways to answer the same question
5. Peer review
6. Constant reinvestigation- looking over the same issues and attempting to build more
knowledge
What is replication? - Answer✔✔--doing that same study again to make sure make
sure that the finding remains the same
What is *social science*? Who or what do we investigate in a social science (as
opposed to natural science)? - Answer✔✔--the use of scientific methods to
investigate individuals, societies, and social processes
- including questions related to criminology
and criminal justice; the knowledge is
produced by these investigations.
*Why* do we conduct social research? (A-E) - Answer✔✔-A) Answer practical
questions
-Will reducing class size help students to learn
better?
B) Make informed decisions
-Will increasing the number of police on foot
patrols reduce crime?
C) Make money
-Which location will result in the least shoplifting
4/39
