C273 WGU - Intro to Sociology Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions

C273 WGU - Intro to Sociology Exam Study Guide with Complete Solutions Primary group - Answer-small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation. secondary group - Answer-a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a specific goal or activity In-Group - Answer-a group toward which one feels loyalty Out-Group - Answer-a group toward which one feels antagonism Dyad - Answer-group of two Which social theorist was the first to analyze bureaucracies as powerful forms of social organization that are concerned with the "bottom line"? - Answer-Max Weber Role Strain - Answer-Conflict someone feels within a role Suppose that you are exceptionally well prepared for a particular class assignment. Although the instructor asks an unusually difficult question, you find yourself knowing the answer when no one else does. If you want to raise your hand, yet don't want to make your fellow students look bad, you will experience role strain. EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 2/19 ____________ was interested in how societies manage to create social integration —their members united by shared values and other social bonds. He found the answer in what he called mechanical solidarity. - Answer-Sociologist Emile Durkheim mechanical solidarity - Answer-Durkheim's term for the unity (a shared consciousness) that people feel as a result of performing the same or similar tasks division of labor - Answer-the splitting of a group's or a society's tasks into specialties organic solidarity - Answer-Durkheim's term for the interdependence that results from the division of labor; as part of the same unit, we all depend on others to fulfill their jobs Which type of influence could convince people to participate in horrible acts according to Milgram's research? - Answer-Authority What is the position conflict theorists have regarding deviance? - Answer-Deviant behavior is defined by those with power Deviance - Answer-violation of the norms How is deviance culturally relative? - Answer-Applies to crimes, sexuality and capitalism Biosocial perspective on deviance - Answer-Explained deviance by looking within individuals. Assume genetic predispositions lead people to bad behavior. Psychological perspective on deviance - Answer-Abnormalities within an individual. Personality disorder. Subconscious motives drive people to deviance. EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 3/19 Sociological perspective on deviance - Answer-Look at factors outside of the individual. Look for social influences that "recruit people" to break the norms. To explain deviance, they apply symbolic interactionalism, functionalism and conflict theory. Three Sociological Perspectives on Deviance - Answer-Differential association theory Control Theory Labeling Theory Differential association theory - Answer-theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to Control Theory - Answer-the idea that two control systems- inner controls and outer controls- work against our tendencies to deviate. This theory is about self control Labeling Theory - Answer-The significance of reputations and how they set us up on paths to deviance or away from it. Pervert - Cheater - Etc Strain Theory - Answer-Merton's theory that deviance occurs when a society does not give all its members equal ability to achieve socially acceptable goals Use strain theory to explain why someone may commit the crime of selling drugs - Answer-Selling Drugs = Money Money = Success EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 4/19 Success = Cultural Goal Grade Inflation - Answer-higher grades given for the same work; a general rise in student grades without a corresponding increase in learning What is the latent function of education institutions in the US? - Answer-Encouragement of teamwork Which religious group is so closely linked with the government and the dominant culture that belonging to the group is part of the person's national identity? - Answer-Ecclesia Ecclesia - Answer-a religious group so integrated into the dominant culture that it is difficult to tell where the one begins and the other leaves off; also called a state religion Sect - Answer-a religious group larger than a cult that still feels substantial hostility from and toward society Cult - Answer-a new religion with few followers, whose teachings and practices put it at odds with the dominant culture and religion Two religious groups with less acceptance by society - Answer-Cult & Sect Two religious groups with more acceptance by society - Answer-Church & ecclesia _______________ disagreed with the conflict perspective. Religion, he said, does not merely reflect and legitimate the social order and impede social change. Rather, religion's focus on the afterlife is a source of profound social change. - Answer-Max Weber EMILLYCHARLOTTE 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YAER ©2024 EMILLYCHARLOTTE. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH SEPTEMBER 2024 Page 5/19 Religion, then, has three elements: (Durkheim) - Answer-1. Beliefs that some things are sacred (forbidden, set apart from the profane) 2. Practices (rituals) centering on the things considered sacred 3. A moral community (a church) resulting from a group's beliefs and practices ________________ stress that religion is universal because it meets universal human needs - Answer-Functionalists What is the functionalist perspective on education? - Answer-Among the functions of education are the teaching of knowledge and skills, providing credentials, cul