A4M WRITTEN EXAM |
COMPLETE SOLUTION |
100% CORRECT
Mechanism of action of curcumin Supplement whose mechanism includes decreasing
tau phosphorylation and reducing COX-2 expression. - Curcumin is an inhibitor of
phosphorylase kinase. It decreases tau phosphorylation; reduces COX-2 expression;
inhibits NF-kB.
Stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to kill microorganism. Nontoxic and does not
cause microbial resistance. Useful for treatment of intracellular organisms. - Olive leaf
extract
Rate of secretion of PSA from prostate / day? - 0.07 ng / mL
Mineral responsible for increasing renal intra-glomerular pressure and decreasing
arterial compliance - Sodium
How much does potassium decrease BP? - Supplementing potassium 60-120 mEG
day may decrease SBP / DBP by 4/2.5 mm HG
Actions of Magnesium on BP: are - - Acts as a calcium channel blocker
- Regulates insulin sensitivity
- Regulates pH
- Increases arterial compliance via endothelial vasodilatation
T or F: omega-6 fatty acids decrease blood pressure - False (although may indirectly
affect BP through effects on saturated fatty acids)
,Recommended intake of calcium to reduce HTN - > 800 mg / day may reduce
incidence of HTN
T or F: soy protein decreases blood pressure and increases arterial compliance - True;
recommended in fermented form; 30-40 gm / day for hypertensive individuals
T or F: omega-9 fatty acids found in olive oil have beneficial effects on both blood
pressure and cholesterol - True
Effects of garlic on HTN - garlic acts as a natural ACE-I, CCB and increases arterial
compliance via increase of NO production
T or F: The gamma isomer of Vitamin E is more potent than the alpha isomer in lipid
lowering effects - True
Most potent B vitamin; lowers blood pressure via multiple mechanisms - Vitamin B6.
Increases bioavailability of coA and decreases cholesterol synthesis. Also reduces
oxLDL. Increases HDL, reduces LDL and triglycerides.
T or F: There is strong evidence for Guggul in treatment of cholesterol - False
T or F: Niacin is the most effective currently known agent for increasing HDL - True
Which infectious agents have been linked to development of MS plaques in brain? -
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and EBV
T or F: 20% of MS patients have been shown to have gluten sensitivity - True
What pharmaceutical / nutriceutical agents have been shown to be helpful in treatment
of MS? - Alpha lipoic acid; minocycline; doxycycline; memantine; NAC; Vitamin B12;
phosphatidyl serine; Coenzyme Q10; HRT with estrogen / estriol; hyperbaric oxygen
therapy
What are the risk factors for sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (rupture of cerebral aneurysm)?
- Hypertension; smoking; oral contraceptive usage; usage of stimulants
What is the mechanism of action of migraine headache? - Extreme cerebral
vasoconstriction followed by vaso-dilatation
Which neuro-transmitter deficiencies have been implicated in the development of
migraine headaches? - GABA and serotonin
T or F: thymectomy is recommended for treatment of myasthenia gravis - False; current
evidence does not support thymus removal due to risks of surgery and lack of evidence;
however, 70% of patients with myasthenia gravis have thymus hypertrophy and 10-15%
have thymomas. IVIG may be helpful for management of myasthenia gravis.
, T or F: many of the pharmacologic treatment options for demential increase
homocysteine levels, which may directly contribute to cognitive decline - T
T or F: consumption of milk > 16 oz / day over a 30 year time period leads to a 230%
increased risk of Alzheimer's disease - T
Which areas of the brain are affected in a SPECT scan of a patient with Alzheimer's
disease? - Posterior cingulate gyrus; parietal and temporal lobes
What area of the brain is affected in a SPECT scan of a patient with Lewy Body
dementia? - Occipital lobe
T or F: IGG to periodontal bacteria is elevated in patients with dementia - True
What abnormalities are found in the brain on autopsy of patients with Alzheimer's
disease? - Beta-amyloid plaque and neuro-fibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary tangles are
formed from mutations on tau protein. Beta-amyloid plaques are formed from
breakdown of APP (amyloid precursor protein). Beta amyloid causes destruction in
brain parenchyma by combining with salt and water in the brain. It also causes influx of
calcium into neurons, leading to apoptosis.
Type nof ndementia nassociated nwith nprotein ndeposits nknown nas nalpha-synuclein; nvisual
nhallucinations; nlow ndopamine nlevels n- n nLewy nbody ndementia
What nis nmechanism nfor nbrain ninjury nfrom nconcussion? n- n n- nExcitotoxic nreaction
nmediated nby nincreased nextracellular nglutamate n/ naspartate nand nincreased nintracellular
ncalcium
- nMicroglia n(normally ndormant) nbecome nactivated nand nrelease nROS; ninflammatory
nprostaglandins; ncytokines nand nchemokines
- nHigh nlevels nof nextracellular nglutamate nreduce nastrocytic nglutathione
Type nof ndementia nmost ncommonly ncaused nby nabnormalities non ntau nprotein.
nCharacterized nby nuninhibited nbehavior, nprimary naphasia, nlack nof ninsight n- n nFrontal nLobe
nDementia
What narea nof nthe nadrenal ngland nare nthe nsex nhormones nproduced? n- n nZona nreticularis
Where nis naldosterone nproduced nin nadrenal ngland? n- n nZona ngranulosa n(outer nlayer)
T nor nF: nboth nCurcumin nand nResveratrol ncross nthe nBBB nand nare nhelpful nin ntreatment nof
nboth nTBI nand ndementia n- n nTrue. nResveratrol nimproves nbeta namyloid nclearance nfrom
nbrain.
How nmany ngenes ndo nhumans nhave? n- n nHumans nhave n23,000 ngenes n- nonly n1.5% nof
nwhich ncode nfor nproteins
COMPLETE SOLUTION |
100% CORRECT
Mechanism of action of curcumin Supplement whose mechanism includes decreasing
tau phosphorylation and reducing COX-2 expression. - Curcumin is an inhibitor of
phosphorylase kinase. It decreases tau phosphorylation; reduces COX-2 expression;
inhibits NF-kB.
Stimulates neutrophils and macrophages to kill microorganism. Nontoxic and does not
cause microbial resistance. Useful for treatment of intracellular organisms. - Olive leaf
extract
Rate of secretion of PSA from prostate / day? - 0.07 ng / mL
Mineral responsible for increasing renal intra-glomerular pressure and decreasing
arterial compliance - Sodium
How much does potassium decrease BP? - Supplementing potassium 60-120 mEG
day may decrease SBP / DBP by 4/2.5 mm HG
Actions of Magnesium on BP: are - - Acts as a calcium channel blocker
- Regulates insulin sensitivity
- Regulates pH
- Increases arterial compliance via endothelial vasodilatation
T or F: omega-6 fatty acids decrease blood pressure - False (although may indirectly
affect BP through effects on saturated fatty acids)
,Recommended intake of calcium to reduce HTN - > 800 mg / day may reduce
incidence of HTN
T or F: soy protein decreases blood pressure and increases arterial compliance - True;
recommended in fermented form; 30-40 gm / day for hypertensive individuals
T or F: omega-9 fatty acids found in olive oil have beneficial effects on both blood
pressure and cholesterol - True
Effects of garlic on HTN - garlic acts as a natural ACE-I, CCB and increases arterial
compliance via increase of NO production
T or F: The gamma isomer of Vitamin E is more potent than the alpha isomer in lipid
lowering effects - True
Most potent B vitamin; lowers blood pressure via multiple mechanisms - Vitamin B6.
Increases bioavailability of coA and decreases cholesterol synthesis. Also reduces
oxLDL. Increases HDL, reduces LDL and triglycerides.
T or F: There is strong evidence for Guggul in treatment of cholesterol - False
T or F: Niacin is the most effective currently known agent for increasing HDL - True
Which infectious agents have been linked to development of MS plaques in brain? -
Mycoplasma pneumoniae and EBV
T or F: 20% of MS patients have been shown to have gluten sensitivity - True
What pharmaceutical / nutriceutical agents have been shown to be helpful in treatment
of MS? - Alpha lipoic acid; minocycline; doxycycline; memantine; NAC; Vitamin B12;
phosphatidyl serine; Coenzyme Q10; HRT with estrogen / estriol; hyperbaric oxygen
therapy
What are the risk factors for sub-arachnoid hemorrhage (rupture of cerebral aneurysm)?
- Hypertension; smoking; oral contraceptive usage; usage of stimulants
What is the mechanism of action of migraine headache? - Extreme cerebral
vasoconstriction followed by vaso-dilatation
Which neuro-transmitter deficiencies have been implicated in the development of
migraine headaches? - GABA and serotonin
T or F: thymectomy is recommended for treatment of myasthenia gravis - False; current
evidence does not support thymus removal due to risks of surgery and lack of evidence;
however, 70% of patients with myasthenia gravis have thymus hypertrophy and 10-15%
have thymomas. IVIG may be helpful for management of myasthenia gravis.
, T or F: many of the pharmacologic treatment options for demential increase
homocysteine levels, which may directly contribute to cognitive decline - T
T or F: consumption of milk > 16 oz / day over a 30 year time period leads to a 230%
increased risk of Alzheimer's disease - T
Which areas of the brain are affected in a SPECT scan of a patient with Alzheimer's
disease? - Posterior cingulate gyrus; parietal and temporal lobes
What area of the brain is affected in a SPECT scan of a patient with Lewy Body
dementia? - Occipital lobe
T or F: IGG to periodontal bacteria is elevated in patients with dementia - True
What abnormalities are found in the brain on autopsy of patients with Alzheimer's
disease? - Beta-amyloid plaque and neuro-fibrillary tangles. Neurofibrillary tangles are
formed from mutations on tau protein. Beta-amyloid plaques are formed from
breakdown of APP (amyloid precursor protein). Beta amyloid causes destruction in
brain parenchyma by combining with salt and water in the brain. It also causes influx of
calcium into neurons, leading to apoptosis.
Type nof ndementia nassociated nwith nprotein ndeposits nknown nas nalpha-synuclein; nvisual
nhallucinations; nlow ndopamine nlevels n- n nLewy nbody ndementia
What nis nmechanism nfor nbrain ninjury nfrom nconcussion? n- n n- nExcitotoxic nreaction
nmediated nby nincreased nextracellular nglutamate n/ naspartate nand nincreased nintracellular
ncalcium
- nMicroglia n(normally ndormant) nbecome nactivated nand nrelease nROS; ninflammatory
nprostaglandins; ncytokines nand nchemokines
- nHigh nlevels nof nextracellular nglutamate nreduce nastrocytic nglutathione
Type nof ndementia nmost ncommonly ncaused nby nabnormalities non ntau nprotein.
nCharacterized nby nuninhibited nbehavior, nprimary naphasia, nlack nof ninsight n- n nFrontal nLobe
nDementia
What narea nof nthe nadrenal ngland nare nthe nsex nhormones nproduced? n- n nZona nreticularis
Where nis naldosterone nproduced nin nadrenal ngland? n- n nZona ngranulosa n(outer nlayer)
T nor nF: nboth nCurcumin nand nResveratrol ncross nthe nBBB nand nare nhelpful nin ntreatment nof
nboth nTBI nand ndementia n- n nTrue. nResveratrol nimproves nbeta namyloid nclearance nfrom
nbrain.
How nmany ngenes ndo nhumans nhave? n- n nHumans nhave n23,000 ngenes n- nonly n1.5% nof
nwhich ncode nfor nproteins
