Orthopedics | 218 Questions and Answers
100% Correct | Graded A+
*what are the 5 forces that cause fractures - ANSWER tension, compression,
shear, bending, torsion
does tension make elongation/shortening - ANSWER tension makes elongation
*what type of fracture does tension cause - ANSWER avulsion fractures
where do tension fractures accur - ANSWER apophyses (olecranon, calcaneus,
tibial tuberosity)
*what type of fracture does compression cause - ANSWER short oblique
fractures
is bone strongest/weakest for compression loading - ANSWER strongest for
compression
what causes shear fracture - ANSWER eccentric (unequal) loading on bones
surface
is bone strongest/weakest for shear loading - ANSWER weakest for shear
forces
,where is common place for shear fracture - ANSWER lateral condyles of
humerus
*what type of fracture does bending cause - ANSWER transverse/ short
oblique fracture
does the fracture start on the tension/compression surface - ANSWER tension
surface bc bone weaker in tension than compression
what causes torsion fracture - ANSWER rotational forces along long axis of
bone
*what type of fracture does torsion cause - ANSWER spiral fracture
what are the 2 types of incomplete fractures? what does incomplete mean? -
ANSWER greenstick and fissure- continuity of bone maintained
*what is a greenstick fracture - ANSWER in young animal, both cortices
involved, but held in place by thick periosteum
*what is a fissure fracture - ANSWER one cortex involved
what are the 5 types of complete fractures? what does complete mean? -
ANSWER transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, segmental- continuity of
bone disrupted
, *what is a transverse fracture? what force causes it? is it stable fracture? -
ANSWER fracture perpendicular to bone long axis. caused by bending forces.
stable in compression
*what is an oblique fracture? what forces cause it? is it stable? - ANSWER
fracture runs diagonally to bone long axis- cortices in same plane. caused by axial
compression/bending. not stable!
*what is a spiral fracture? what force causes it? is it stable? - ANSWER fracture
runs diagonally to bone long axis, cortices in different planes. caused by torsion.
stable if anatomically reduced.
*what is a comminuted fracture? is it stable? - ANSWER at least 3 segments all
from same area (fractures intersect). not stable bc multiple pieces
*what is a segmental fracture? is it well vascularized? - ANSWER at least 3
segments, from different areas (fractures dont intersect). large avascular segment
bc nutrient vessels cut off from either end
what is an open fracture? - ANSWER wound goes through skin to fracture-
potential for contamination
*what is type I open fracture? - ANSWER small (<1cm) soft tissue laceration
*what is type II open fracture - ANSWER medium (>1cm) soft tissue laceration-
no flaps
100% Correct | Graded A+
*what are the 5 forces that cause fractures - ANSWER tension, compression,
shear, bending, torsion
does tension make elongation/shortening - ANSWER tension makes elongation
*what type of fracture does tension cause - ANSWER avulsion fractures
where do tension fractures accur - ANSWER apophyses (olecranon, calcaneus,
tibial tuberosity)
*what type of fracture does compression cause - ANSWER short oblique
fractures
is bone strongest/weakest for compression loading - ANSWER strongest for
compression
what causes shear fracture - ANSWER eccentric (unequal) loading on bones
surface
is bone strongest/weakest for shear loading - ANSWER weakest for shear
forces
,where is common place for shear fracture - ANSWER lateral condyles of
humerus
*what type of fracture does bending cause - ANSWER transverse/ short
oblique fracture
does the fracture start on the tension/compression surface - ANSWER tension
surface bc bone weaker in tension than compression
what causes torsion fracture - ANSWER rotational forces along long axis of
bone
*what type of fracture does torsion cause - ANSWER spiral fracture
what are the 2 types of incomplete fractures? what does incomplete mean? -
ANSWER greenstick and fissure- continuity of bone maintained
*what is a greenstick fracture - ANSWER in young animal, both cortices
involved, but held in place by thick periosteum
*what is a fissure fracture - ANSWER one cortex involved
what are the 5 types of complete fractures? what does complete mean? -
ANSWER transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, segmental- continuity of
bone disrupted
, *what is a transverse fracture? what force causes it? is it stable fracture? -
ANSWER fracture perpendicular to bone long axis. caused by bending forces.
stable in compression
*what is an oblique fracture? what forces cause it? is it stable? - ANSWER
fracture runs diagonally to bone long axis- cortices in same plane. caused by axial
compression/bending. not stable!
*what is a spiral fracture? what force causes it? is it stable? - ANSWER fracture
runs diagonally to bone long axis, cortices in different planes. caused by torsion.
stable if anatomically reduced.
*what is a comminuted fracture? is it stable? - ANSWER at least 3 segments all
from same area (fractures intersect). not stable bc multiple pieces
*what is a segmental fracture? is it well vascularized? - ANSWER at least 3
segments, from different areas (fractures dont intersect). large avascular segment
bc nutrient vessels cut off from either end
what is an open fracture? - ANSWER wound goes through skin to fracture-
potential for contamination
*what is type I open fracture? - ANSWER small (<1cm) soft tissue laceration
*what is type II open fracture - ANSWER medium (>1cm) soft tissue laceration-
no flaps
