3-31-22
Irrational Cognitions: Ellis (1957 first cognitive therapist )
- 1. You must have sincere love and approval almost all the time from all the people you find
significant
- 2. You must prove yourself thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving
- 3. People who harm you are bad and you should punish them
- 4. Life is awful, or catastrophic when things don’t go the way you would like them to go
- 5. Emotional misery comes from external pressures and you have little ability to control your
feelings
- 6. If something is dangerous or fearsome, you must be preoccupied and upset about it
- A belief that is maladaptive…a belief that does not yield consequences that are favorable
- It affects your behavior
- Beliefs between the event and the consequence, how you interpret events, etc.
- not the events themselves
4-7-22
Definitions in behavior therapy
● Stimulus- any objectively defined situation or event that is an occasion of a response
○ Ex: heart rate, tornado
○ If asked which of the following is a stimulus: all of above
● Response- any behavior or event whose faith can be manipulated by changing antecedents stimuli
or consequence events
● Pavlovian/ classical conditioning- response before or with stimulus
● Operant conditioning- response comes after stimulus
● Reinforcer- follows a response and it changes the strength of the response
○ Does not increase or decrease, just changes strength
○ Differs for different people
● Reinforcement- the process by which response strength (probability of a response) is changed as
a result of either classical or operant conditioning
Description of behavior therapy
● Abnormal behavior - normal behavior, some principles
○ Caused by/ associated with learning
, ○ Three ways to learn:
■ Classical conditioning
■ Operant conditioning
■ Observational learning/ vicarious learning
● Abnormal behavior- can be modified by social learning principles
○ Ex: expectations
● Behavior therapist would be concerned in situations in which problematic behaviors arise
Description
● Assessment focus on current determinations: functional analysis, “too much, too little”
○ Differs from freudian perspective in that it deal with present time
○ Most basic assessment question- what is the person doing too much or too little of?
○ Much of assessment is done based on observation
○ Assessment- integral part of therapy
○ Therapist is active, directive, and engaged
○ Functional analysis- looks at what are the variables that are associated with onset of a
particular problem and the maintenance of that problem and relevant to change
■ Most basic functional analysis= ABC analysis
● Antecedents- events that came before
● Behaviors
● Consequences
● Disputation
■ Albert Ellis came up with this
● Therapy and experiments guide treatments
○ Predetermined criteria
○ Treatment is well specified (like a recipe)
■ Should be replicable
○ Contract treatment goals
■ Goal oriented
● Observable
● Measurable
, ● Agree if goal is satisfied
■ Behavioral assessment allows both therapist and patient to know if goals are being
met
● Reciprocal process
○ Emotions influence beliefs and beliefs influence emotions
○ Behaviors influence beliefs
● REBT and behavioral therapy similar
○ BOTH complex and multiple determines of thoughts and feelings
● Even though decisions are reciprocals, it may need to be altered to a specific person
● Many things reinforcing are learned
● Carl Rogers- conditions of worth
○ You are judged as a worthy human being under certain learned conditions
● Premack principle-
○ We look at what people are doing
○ We assume what people do most frequently is what is reinforcing
○ Determining what is rewarding by looking at frequency of behavior
■ Ex: Mother tells child he can watch television if he does is HW
● Research evaluates outcome
○ Each person is an experiment
○ We want to know what works
○ What works is:
■ specified in advance
■ Measurable
■ Agreement btw therapist and patient
○ This is not limited to behavior therapy
Albert Ellis Video
● Inelegant solution- challenging they made a mistake
● Bad things can happen but if you are not affectable, the experiences you have will have a different
imprint on you
○ Temperament
4-12-22
Irrational Cognitions: Ellis (1957 first cognitive therapist )
- 1. You must have sincere love and approval almost all the time from all the people you find
significant
- 2. You must prove yourself thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving
- 3. People who harm you are bad and you should punish them
- 4. Life is awful, or catastrophic when things don’t go the way you would like them to go
- 5. Emotional misery comes from external pressures and you have little ability to control your
feelings
- 6. If something is dangerous or fearsome, you must be preoccupied and upset about it
- A belief that is maladaptive…a belief that does not yield consequences that are favorable
- It affects your behavior
- Beliefs between the event and the consequence, how you interpret events, etc.
- not the events themselves
4-7-22
Definitions in behavior therapy
● Stimulus- any objectively defined situation or event that is an occasion of a response
○ Ex: heart rate, tornado
○ If asked which of the following is a stimulus: all of above
● Response- any behavior or event whose faith can be manipulated by changing antecedents stimuli
or consequence events
● Pavlovian/ classical conditioning- response before or with stimulus
● Operant conditioning- response comes after stimulus
● Reinforcer- follows a response and it changes the strength of the response
○ Does not increase or decrease, just changes strength
○ Differs for different people
● Reinforcement- the process by which response strength (probability of a response) is changed as
a result of either classical or operant conditioning
Description of behavior therapy
● Abnormal behavior - normal behavior, some principles
○ Caused by/ associated with learning
, ○ Three ways to learn:
■ Classical conditioning
■ Operant conditioning
■ Observational learning/ vicarious learning
● Abnormal behavior- can be modified by social learning principles
○ Ex: expectations
● Behavior therapist would be concerned in situations in which problematic behaviors arise
Description
● Assessment focus on current determinations: functional analysis, “too much, too little”
○ Differs from freudian perspective in that it deal with present time
○ Most basic assessment question- what is the person doing too much or too little of?
○ Much of assessment is done based on observation
○ Assessment- integral part of therapy
○ Therapist is active, directive, and engaged
○ Functional analysis- looks at what are the variables that are associated with onset of a
particular problem and the maintenance of that problem and relevant to change
■ Most basic functional analysis= ABC analysis
● Antecedents- events that came before
● Behaviors
● Consequences
● Disputation
■ Albert Ellis came up with this
● Therapy and experiments guide treatments
○ Predetermined criteria
○ Treatment is well specified (like a recipe)
■ Should be replicable
○ Contract treatment goals
■ Goal oriented
● Observable
● Measurable
, ● Agree if goal is satisfied
■ Behavioral assessment allows both therapist and patient to know if goals are being
met
● Reciprocal process
○ Emotions influence beliefs and beliefs influence emotions
○ Behaviors influence beliefs
● REBT and behavioral therapy similar
○ BOTH complex and multiple determines of thoughts and feelings
● Even though decisions are reciprocals, it may need to be altered to a specific person
● Many things reinforcing are learned
● Carl Rogers- conditions of worth
○ You are judged as a worthy human being under certain learned conditions
● Premack principle-
○ We look at what people are doing
○ We assume what people do most frequently is what is reinforcing
○ Determining what is rewarding by looking at frequency of behavior
■ Ex: Mother tells child he can watch television if he does is HW
● Research evaluates outcome
○ Each person is an experiment
○ We want to know what works
○ What works is:
■ specified in advance
■ Measurable
■ Agreement btw therapist and patient
○ This is not limited to behavior therapy
Albert Ellis Video
● Inelegant solution- challenging they made a mistake
● Bad things can happen but if you are not affectable, the experiences you have will have a different
imprint on you
○ Temperament
4-12-22
