NUR356 EXAM PRACTICE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
List common causes of Airway Deterioration
•Asthma
•Anaphylaxis
•ARDS
What does ARDS stand for and provide a simple definition?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (poor oxygenation caused by leaky capillaries)
What are the most common cases attributed to ARDS?
Pnuemonia or Sepsis (40%-60%)
What are the two types of INJURY in ARDS and provide examples?
1) DIRECT INJURY
- Damage to the lungs. i.e. pnuemonia
2) INDIRECT INJURY
- Damage to the lungs from another body part. i.e. sepsis
List the 3 phases of ARDS.
1) Exudative
2) Proliferative
3) Fibrotic
Describe the exudative phase of ARDS.
Lungs become inflamed and leaky
Describe the proliferative phase of ARDS.
New cells are produced to replace and repair
,Describe the fibrotic phase of ARDS.
Lungs become scarred and stiff
Cytokines cause _____________
inflammation
The fibrotic phase leads to______
emphysema
List ways to manage a Pt. with ARDS. Briefly provide an explanation.
1) PRONE POSITION to prevents atelectasis
2) VENTILATOR SUPPORT
3) FLUID MANAGEMENT (Diuretics)
4) SEDATION/MEDICATIONS TO REDUCE MOVEMENT
What is the difference between pneumothorax and atelectasis?
Pneumothorax is a collapsed lung due to air between the lung and chest wall
Atelectasis is partially inflated lung, unable to take in air.
What is asthma?
chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
Clinical manifestations of asthma include.
1) Wheeze
2) Dyspnoea
3) Chest Tightness
,Provide risk factors for Asthma.
1) Exercise
2) Allergens
3) Air pollutants
Describe the pathophysiology of Asthma.
3 steps
1) Inflammation
2) Tightening
3) Sensitivity
How does salbutamol work?
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta 2 adrenoreceptors
What are some common side effects of salbutamol?
1) Tremor
2) Palpitations
3) Headache
Why does salbutamol have to be given with a spacer at all times?
Aids medication to the lungs more successfully and make it easier to breath if you are
experiencing and asthma attack.
What is the other name for Atrovent?
ipratropium bromide
What does atrovent do?
Loosen up your airways in your lungs to help you breathe better
What classification of drug is Atrovent
and what do they do?
Anticholinergics, Relaxes and dilates the bronchioles
Seretide is a combination medication what are they and what is it for?
a bronchodilator (salmeterol) and a corticosteroid/ inflammatory (fluticasone).
, What is Spiriva
Hint: similar to salbutamol but used in a different condition, not asthma.
Bronchodilator, but for COPD
List the at least 3 of 6 types of airway adjuncts.
1) Nasopharyngeal Airway
2) Oropharyngeal Airway (IGEL/Guedel)
3) Endotracheal Tube (*Critical Care)
4) Laryngeal mask airway
5) Supraglottic airway device
6) Tracheostomy tube
Name 6 of the common oxygen delivery devices.
1. Nasal Cannula
2. Oxygen Face Mask
3. Venturi Mask
4. Non-Rebreather Mask
5. Partial Rebreather Mask
How many liters per minute can be delivered by a Nasal Cannula
1-6 L/min
How many liters per minute can a simple oxygen mask deliver?
5-10 L/min
How many liters per minute can be delivered by a Non-Rebreather Mask and what is the
purpose of the bag attached to the mask?
10-15 L/min
delivers high, high-concentration oxygen through a reservoir bag is useful for patients
needing high oxygenation
How many liters per minute can a Partial Rebreather Mask deliver and explain the
difference from a Non-Rebreather Mask.
8-15 l/min
List common causes of Airway Deterioration
•Asthma
•Anaphylaxis
•ARDS
What does ARDS stand for and provide a simple definition?
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (poor oxygenation caused by leaky capillaries)
What are the most common cases attributed to ARDS?
Pnuemonia or Sepsis (40%-60%)
What are the two types of INJURY in ARDS and provide examples?
1) DIRECT INJURY
- Damage to the lungs. i.e. pnuemonia
2) INDIRECT INJURY
- Damage to the lungs from another body part. i.e. sepsis
List the 3 phases of ARDS.
1) Exudative
2) Proliferative
3) Fibrotic
Describe the exudative phase of ARDS.
Lungs become inflamed and leaky
Describe the proliferative phase of ARDS.
New cells are produced to replace and repair
,Describe the fibrotic phase of ARDS.
Lungs become scarred and stiff
Cytokines cause _____________
inflammation
The fibrotic phase leads to______
emphysema
List ways to manage a Pt. with ARDS. Briefly provide an explanation.
1) PRONE POSITION to prevents atelectasis
2) VENTILATOR SUPPORT
3) FLUID MANAGEMENT (Diuretics)
4) SEDATION/MEDICATIONS TO REDUCE MOVEMENT
What is the difference between pneumothorax and atelectasis?
Pneumothorax is a collapsed lung due to air between the lung and chest wall
Atelectasis is partially inflated lung, unable to take in air.
What is asthma?
chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways
Clinical manifestations of asthma include.
1) Wheeze
2) Dyspnoea
3) Chest Tightness
,Provide risk factors for Asthma.
1) Exercise
2) Allergens
3) Air pollutants
Describe the pathophysiology of Asthma.
3 steps
1) Inflammation
2) Tightening
3) Sensitivity
How does salbutamol work?
Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle by stimulating beta 2 adrenoreceptors
What are some common side effects of salbutamol?
1) Tremor
2) Palpitations
3) Headache
Why does salbutamol have to be given with a spacer at all times?
Aids medication to the lungs more successfully and make it easier to breath if you are
experiencing and asthma attack.
What is the other name for Atrovent?
ipratropium bromide
What does atrovent do?
Loosen up your airways in your lungs to help you breathe better
What classification of drug is Atrovent
and what do they do?
Anticholinergics, Relaxes and dilates the bronchioles
Seretide is a combination medication what are they and what is it for?
a bronchodilator (salmeterol) and a corticosteroid/ inflammatory (fluticasone).
, What is Spiriva
Hint: similar to salbutamol but used in a different condition, not asthma.
Bronchodilator, but for COPD
List the at least 3 of 6 types of airway adjuncts.
1) Nasopharyngeal Airway
2) Oropharyngeal Airway (IGEL/Guedel)
3) Endotracheal Tube (*Critical Care)
4) Laryngeal mask airway
5) Supraglottic airway device
6) Tracheostomy tube
Name 6 of the common oxygen delivery devices.
1. Nasal Cannula
2. Oxygen Face Mask
3. Venturi Mask
4. Non-Rebreather Mask
5. Partial Rebreather Mask
How many liters per minute can be delivered by a Nasal Cannula
1-6 L/min
How many liters per minute can a simple oxygen mask deliver?
5-10 L/min
How many liters per minute can be delivered by a Non-Rebreather Mask and what is the
purpose of the bag attached to the mask?
10-15 L/min
delivers high, high-concentration oxygen through a reservoir bag is useful for patients
needing high oxygenation
How many liters per minute can a Partial Rebreather Mask deliver and explain the
difference from a Non-Rebreather Mask.
8-15 l/min
