SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28

SOLUTIONS & INSTRUCTOR MANUAL
Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, 4th Edition
by Peter Norvig and Stuart Russell, Chapters 1 – 28

,Artificial Intelligence
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1 Introduction ...
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2 Intelligent Agents ...
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II Problem-solving
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3 Solving Problems by Searching ...
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4 Search in Complex Environments ...
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5 Adversarial Search and Games ...
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6 Constraint Satisfaction Problems ...
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III Knowledge, reasoning, and planning
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7 Logical Agents ...
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8 First-Order Logic ...
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9 Inference in First-Order Logic ...
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10 Knowledge Representation ...
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11 Automated Planning ...
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IV Uncertain knowledge and reasoning
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12 Quantifying Uncertainty ...
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13 Probabilistic Reasoning ...
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14 Probabilistic Reasoning over Time ...
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15 Probabilistic Programming ...
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16 Making Simple Decisions ...
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17 Making Complex Decisions ...
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18 Multiagent Decision Making ...
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V Machine Learning
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, 19 Learning from Examples ...
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20 Learning Probabilistic Models ...
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21 Deep Learning ...
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22 Reinforcement Learning ...
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VI Communicating, perceiving, and acting
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23 Natural Language Processing ...
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24 Deep Learning for Natural Language Processing ...
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25 Computer Vision ...
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26 Robotics ...
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VII Conclusions
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27 Philosophy, Ethics, and Safety of AI ...
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28 The Future of AI
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, EXERCISES h h

1
INTRODUCTION
Notehthathforhmanyhofhthehquestionshinhthishchapter,hwehgivehreferenceshwherehanswershcanhbehf
oundhratherhthanhwritinghthemhout—thehfullhanswershwouldhbehfarhtoohlong.

1.1 What Is AI?
h h h




Exerciseh1.1.#DEFA
Definehinhyourhownhwords:h (a)hintelligence,h(b)hartificialhintelligence,h(c)hagent,h(d)hra-
htionality,h(e)hlogicalhreasoning.




a. Dictionaryhdefinitionshofhintelligencehtalkhabouth―thehcapacityhtohacquirehandhapplyhkn
owledge‖horh―thehfacultyhofhthoughthandhreason‖horh―thehabilityhtohcomprehendhandhpro
fithfromhexperience.‖h Theseharehallhreasonablehanswers,hbuthifhwehwanthsomethinghquan
tifiablehwehwouldhusehsomethinghlikeh―thehabilityhtohacthsuccessfullyhacrosshahwidehrang
ehofhobjectiveshinhcomplexhenvironments.‖
b. Wehdefinehartificialhintelligencehashthehstudyhandhconstructionhofhagenthprogramshthath
performhwellhinhahgivenhclasshofhenvironments,hforhahgivenhagentharchitecture;htheyhdoht
hehrighththing.h Anhimportanthparthofhthathishdealinghwithhthehuncertaintyhofhwhaththehcur
renthstatehis,hwhaththehoutcomehofhpossiblehactionshmighthbe,handhwhathishiththathwehreall
yhdesire.
c. Wehdefinehanhagenthashanhentityhthathtakeshactionhinhresponsehtohperceptshfromhanhenvi-
hronment.

d. Wehdefinehrationalityhashthehpropertyhofhahsystemhwhichhdoeshtheh―righththing‖hgivenh
whathithknows.h SeehSectionh2.2hforhahmorehcompletehdiscussion.h Thehbasichconcepthishp
erfecthrationality;hSectionh??hdescribeshthehimpossibilityhofhachievinghperfecthrational-
hityhandhproposeshanhalternativehdefinition.

e. Wehdefinehlogicalhreasoninghashthehahprocesshofhderivinghnewhsentenceshfromhold,hsuchh
thaththehnewhsentencesharehnecessarilyhtruehifhtheholdhonesharehtrue.h(Noticehthathdoeshnothr
eferhtohanyhspecifichsyntaxhorhformalhlanguage,hbuthithdoeshrequirehahwell-
definedhnotionhofhtruth.)


Exerciseh1.1.#TURI
ReadhTuring‘shoriginalhpaperhonhAIh(Turing,h1950).h Inhthehpaper,hhehdiscusseshseveralhobjec
tionshtohhishproposedhenterprisehandhhishtesthforhintelligence.hWhichhobjectionshstillhcarry


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