NREMT COGNITIVE EXAM PREP KIT WITH
QUESTION AND ANSWERS 2025
What are the stages of grief? Correct Answer Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
How can you prevent the risk of infection? Correct Answer
Immediately report exposures to the designated infection control
officer.
Handwashing is the single most important way to prevent the
spread of infection. Hand sanitizers can be effective, but soap and
water is preferred when available.
What are the two types of PPE? Correct Answer Minimum PPE:
gloves and eye protection should be used during any patient
contact situation.
Expanded PPE: use disposable gown and mask for significant
contact with any body fluid--for example, during childbirth. Use a
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) mask o N-95 respirator for
suspected airborne disease exposure, such as tuberculosis.
What are emergency moves? Correct Answer These are used
when the scene is dangerous and the patient must be moved
before providing patient care. Types of emergency moves include
the armpit-forearm drag, shirt drag, and blanket drag.
What is an urgent move? Correct Answer Used when the patient
has potentially life-threatening injuries or illness and must be
moved quickly for evaluation and transport.
,Rapid extrication: an urgent move used for patients in a motor
vehicle; it requires multiple rescuers and a long backboard. The
patient is rotated onto a backboard with manual cervical spine
precautions and removed from the vehicle.
What are non-urgent moves? Correct Answer Used when there
are no hazards and no life-threatening conditions are apparent.
Types of non-urgent moves include direct ground lift, extremity lift,
direct carry method, and draw sheet method.
What is the log roll technique? Correct Answer Commonly used
to place a patient on a backboard or assess the posterior.
Can be done while maintaining manual cervical spine
precautions.
Should have at least three trained personnel. The person
controlling manual cervical spine protection should direct the log
roll.
What are special considerations for bariatric patients? Correct
Answer Obese patients pose additional challenges and risks to
providers during lifting and movement.
Some EMS systems have special bariatric ambulances with
specialized equipment, automated lifting systems, and wider
stretchers capable of a greater weight capacity.
What is supine hypotensive syndrome? Correct Answer Patients
in the later stages of pregnancy should not be placed supine due
to the risk of supine hypotensive syndrome. Place the pregnant
patient on her left side. If patient has potential cervical spine
trauma, tilt backboard to the left about 20 degrees.
When can patients be restrained? Correct Answer In general,
patients may be forcibly restrained if they pose a significant,
immediate threat to you, your partner, or others.
Restraining a patient against his will is a last resort.
,Anticipate and plan. Request law enforcement assistance.
Contact medical direction when possible.
Guidelines for restraining a patient:
-Get additional help whenever possible; at least 4 people is
recommended.
-Use the minimum amount of force necessary to protect yourself,
the patient and others.
-Secure patient supine, with backboard if available. DO NOT
secure the patient in a prone position.
-Use soft, padded restraints.
-Monitor the patient's level of consciousness, airway, and distal
circulation continuously.
-Thoroughly document the reason for restraining the patient, the
method of restraint, the duration of restraint, and frequent
reassessment of the patient while restrained.
What is the use of force doctrine? Correct Answer The EMT must
act reasonably to prevent harm to a patient being forcibly
restrained. The use of force must be protective, not punitive.
What is scope of practice? Correct Answer Scope of practice
outlines the actions a provider is legally allowed to perform based
on his or her license or certification level.
Scope of practice is tied to the licensure or certification, not the
individual's knowledge or experience.
Each state determines the scope of practice for its EMS
providers.
What is standard of care? Correct Answer Standard of care is the
degree of care a reasonable person with similar training would
provide in a similar situation.
Standard of care requires EMTs to competently perform the
indicated assessment and treatment within their scope of practice.
, What are sources that help establish standard of care? Correct
Answer National EMS Education Standards
State protocols and guidelines
Medical direction
EMS agency's policies and procedures
Reputable textbooks
Care considered acceptable by similarly trained providers in the
same community.
What is informed consent? Correct Answer Informed consent is
required from all patients who are alert and competent.
-Patient must be informed of your carer plan and associated risks
of accepting or refusing care and transport.
-Patient must be informed of, and understand, all information that
would impact a reasonable person's decision to accept or refuse
care and transport.
What is expressed consent? Correct Answer Expressed consent
also requires that the patient be alert and competent to give
expressed consent. Expressed consent can be given verbally or
nonverbally.
-Expressed consent is similar to informed consent, but not usually
as in-depth as informed consent.
-Expressed consent is often used to obtain consent for more
basic assessments or procedures.
What is implied consent? Correct Answer Implied consent allows
assumption of consent for emergency care from an unresponsive
or incompetent patient.
-Patients might be incompetent for many reasons, such as
alcohol, drugs, head injury, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, or mental
incompetency.
-Implied consent can be used to treat a patient who initially
refused care but later loses consciousness or becomes otherwise
incapacitated.
QUESTION AND ANSWERS 2025
What are the stages of grief? Correct Answer Denial
Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Acceptance
How can you prevent the risk of infection? Correct Answer
Immediately report exposures to the designated infection control
officer.
Handwashing is the single most important way to prevent the
spread of infection. Hand sanitizers can be effective, but soap and
water is preferred when available.
What are the two types of PPE? Correct Answer Minimum PPE:
gloves and eye protection should be used during any patient
contact situation.
Expanded PPE: use disposable gown and mask for significant
contact with any body fluid--for example, during childbirth. Use a
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) mask o N-95 respirator for
suspected airborne disease exposure, such as tuberculosis.
What are emergency moves? Correct Answer These are used
when the scene is dangerous and the patient must be moved
before providing patient care. Types of emergency moves include
the armpit-forearm drag, shirt drag, and blanket drag.
What is an urgent move? Correct Answer Used when the patient
has potentially life-threatening injuries or illness and must be
moved quickly for evaluation and transport.
,Rapid extrication: an urgent move used for patients in a motor
vehicle; it requires multiple rescuers and a long backboard. The
patient is rotated onto a backboard with manual cervical spine
precautions and removed from the vehicle.
What are non-urgent moves? Correct Answer Used when there
are no hazards and no life-threatening conditions are apparent.
Types of non-urgent moves include direct ground lift, extremity lift,
direct carry method, and draw sheet method.
What is the log roll technique? Correct Answer Commonly used
to place a patient on a backboard or assess the posterior.
Can be done while maintaining manual cervical spine
precautions.
Should have at least three trained personnel. The person
controlling manual cervical spine protection should direct the log
roll.
What are special considerations for bariatric patients? Correct
Answer Obese patients pose additional challenges and risks to
providers during lifting and movement.
Some EMS systems have special bariatric ambulances with
specialized equipment, automated lifting systems, and wider
stretchers capable of a greater weight capacity.
What is supine hypotensive syndrome? Correct Answer Patients
in the later stages of pregnancy should not be placed supine due
to the risk of supine hypotensive syndrome. Place the pregnant
patient on her left side. If patient has potential cervical spine
trauma, tilt backboard to the left about 20 degrees.
When can patients be restrained? Correct Answer In general,
patients may be forcibly restrained if they pose a significant,
immediate threat to you, your partner, or others.
Restraining a patient against his will is a last resort.
,Anticipate and plan. Request law enforcement assistance.
Contact medical direction when possible.
Guidelines for restraining a patient:
-Get additional help whenever possible; at least 4 people is
recommended.
-Use the minimum amount of force necessary to protect yourself,
the patient and others.
-Secure patient supine, with backboard if available. DO NOT
secure the patient in a prone position.
-Use soft, padded restraints.
-Monitor the patient's level of consciousness, airway, and distal
circulation continuously.
-Thoroughly document the reason for restraining the patient, the
method of restraint, the duration of restraint, and frequent
reassessment of the patient while restrained.
What is the use of force doctrine? Correct Answer The EMT must
act reasonably to prevent harm to a patient being forcibly
restrained. The use of force must be protective, not punitive.
What is scope of practice? Correct Answer Scope of practice
outlines the actions a provider is legally allowed to perform based
on his or her license or certification level.
Scope of practice is tied to the licensure or certification, not the
individual's knowledge or experience.
Each state determines the scope of practice for its EMS
providers.
What is standard of care? Correct Answer Standard of care is the
degree of care a reasonable person with similar training would
provide in a similar situation.
Standard of care requires EMTs to competently perform the
indicated assessment and treatment within their scope of practice.
, What are sources that help establish standard of care? Correct
Answer National EMS Education Standards
State protocols and guidelines
Medical direction
EMS agency's policies and procedures
Reputable textbooks
Care considered acceptable by similarly trained providers in the
same community.
What is informed consent? Correct Answer Informed consent is
required from all patients who are alert and competent.
-Patient must be informed of your carer plan and associated risks
of accepting or refusing care and transport.
-Patient must be informed of, and understand, all information that
would impact a reasonable person's decision to accept or refuse
care and transport.
What is expressed consent? Correct Answer Expressed consent
also requires that the patient be alert and competent to give
expressed consent. Expressed consent can be given verbally or
nonverbally.
-Expressed consent is similar to informed consent, but not usually
as in-depth as informed consent.
-Expressed consent is often used to obtain consent for more
basic assessments or procedures.
What is implied consent? Correct Answer Implied consent allows
assumption of consent for emergency care from an unresponsive
or incompetent patient.
-Patients might be incompetent for many reasons, such as
alcohol, drugs, head injury, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, or mental
incompetency.
-Implied consent can be used to treat a patient who initially
refused care but later loses consciousness or becomes otherwise
incapacitated.
