Cadastral - Professional Entrance
Exams Questions with Correct Answers
- Client comes to you for subdivision, how would you explain the process? - Answer-
Subdivisions take many forms, and the process will vary depending on your property
and what you want to achieve (eg. individual titles, multi-lots, unit titles etc...)
Stage 1 - Resource Consent Applications
Stage 2 and 3 - Engineering Approvals/Construction in accordance with the resource
consent conditions
Stage 4 - Survey. Apply for survey plan approval (section 223 certification). This must
be applied for within 5 years of subdivision consent being granted. (incl. Council 223
certification)
Stage 5 - Certification. Apply for Section 224 certification to confirm all conditions of
your subdivision consent can be met.
Stage 6 - Deposit of survey plan with LINZ. New RTs issued.
- When should you get lawyer involved in subdivision process? - Answer-Lawyers
typically come in quite late in the process.
However, it's important to let your lawyer know that you are intending to complete a
subdivision so they can identify any potential legal issues from the outset. This also
means there is no urgency at the end of the process in circumstances where the
certificates have been issued and new RTs are required quickly.
Lawyers can also help review scheme plan and navigate the conditions of the resource
consent and assist with the financing process (alongside the surveyor, mortgage broker
and/or accountant).
- What is MHWS and how would you determine MHWS in a survey? - Answer-The
average of the levels of each pair of successive high waters during that period of about
24 hours in each semi lunation (approximately every 14 days) when the range of tides is
greatest (spring range).
There is no single definitive method that can be used to establish this type of boundary.
The approach taken by the surveyor needs to be customised to the individual location
and take into account, amongst other things, the hydraulic gradient, the type and value
of land concerned and the survey accuracy required.
Physical evidence for lower accuracy survey. Higher accuracy surveys can use
methods such as the range ration method (or eduction).
, (Also refer to Baker and Watkins 1991)
- Have you heard of the range ratio method? - Answer-Yes its a way of transferring a
tidal plane from a tide gauge. The range ratio method requires simultaneous staff
observations of the high and low water at the subordinate and control tide stations for
three (3) tide cycles.
- Should you show origin and geodetic codes on survey plan? - Answer-Yes, while not
required it could help a future surveyor 'follow in your footsteps'.
- What is a limited title? - Answer-As land was brought under the land transfer system
and titles issued from the land titles office, some titles were not surveyed with sufficient
certainty to meet the required survey standard. The titles in such cases were issued as
titles "limited as to parcels". So the ownership of land that has a title limited as to
parcels still has the benefit of indefeasibility of title but the State guarantee of the title
does not extend to the actual land area or accuracy of boundaries.
In the case of a title "limited as to parcels" a limited title has a deficiency related to the
definition of the boundaries of the land. Existing surveys are not sufficient to guarantee
the position of those boundaries or the area of the land concerned
- What is the hierarchy of evidence? - Answer-The hierarchy of evidence is an important
tool in the surveyor's toolbox and it should be applied whenever a boundary is being
defined.
The hierarchy of evidence is:
1. Natural Boundaries
2. Original, Undisputed Monuments
3. Occupation (old and undisputed)
4. Abuttals (the description of a land parcel by reference to what it abuts or adjoins)
5. Measurements (mathematical evidence of position)
- In what legislation is the hierarchy of evidence listed? - Answer-None. While the
hierarchy is not enshrined in legislation, the legitimacy of its use has been confirmed by
case law. Just as importantly, case law has confirmed that the hierarchy should not be
rigidly applied.
- What is a residue parcel and who owns it? - Answer-residue parcel means the residual
portion of a primary parcel—
(a)that remains as a result of a survey—
(i)for removal of limitations as to parcels; or
(ii)for an adverse possession claim; or
(iii)to change the registration of land from the Deeds Registration Act 1908 to the Land
Transfer Act 2017; or
(b)that—
Exams Questions with Correct Answers
- Client comes to you for subdivision, how would you explain the process? - Answer-
Subdivisions take many forms, and the process will vary depending on your property
and what you want to achieve (eg. individual titles, multi-lots, unit titles etc...)
Stage 1 - Resource Consent Applications
Stage 2 and 3 - Engineering Approvals/Construction in accordance with the resource
consent conditions
Stage 4 - Survey. Apply for survey plan approval (section 223 certification). This must
be applied for within 5 years of subdivision consent being granted. (incl. Council 223
certification)
Stage 5 - Certification. Apply for Section 224 certification to confirm all conditions of
your subdivision consent can be met.
Stage 6 - Deposit of survey plan with LINZ. New RTs issued.
- When should you get lawyer involved in subdivision process? - Answer-Lawyers
typically come in quite late in the process.
However, it's important to let your lawyer know that you are intending to complete a
subdivision so they can identify any potential legal issues from the outset. This also
means there is no urgency at the end of the process in circumstances where the
certificates have been issued and new RTs are required quickly.
Lawyers can also help review scheme plan and navigate the conditions of the resource
consent and assist with the financing process (alongside the surveyor, mortgage broker
and/or accountant).
- What is MHWS and how would you determine MHWS in a survey? - Answer-The
average of the levels of each pair of successive high waters during that period of about
24 hours in each semi lunation (approximately every 14 days) when the range of tides is
greatest (spring range).
There is no single definitive method that can be used to establish this type of boundary.
The approach taken by the surveyor needs to be customised to the individual location
and take into account, amongst other things, the hydraulic gradient, the type and value
of land concerned and the survey accuracy required.
Physical evidence for lower accuracy survey. Higher accuracy surveys can use
methods such as the range ration method (or eduction).
, (Also refer to Baker and Watkins 1991)
- Have you heard of the range ratio method? - Answer-Yes its a way of transferring a
tidal plane from a tide gauge. The range ratio method requires simultaneous staff
observations of the high and low water at the subordinate and control tide stations for
three (3) tide cycles.
- Should you show origin and geodetic codes on survey plan? - Answer-Yes, while not
required it could help a future surveyor 'follow in your footsteps'.
- What is a limited title? - Answer-As land was brought under the land transfer system
and titles issued from the land titles office, some titles were not surveyed with sufficient
certainty to meet the required survey standard. The titles in such cases were issued as
titles "limited as to parcels". So the ownership of land that has a title limited as to
parcels still has the benefit of indefeasibility of title but the State guarantee of the title
does not extend to the actual land area or accuracy of boundaries.
In the case of a title "limited as to parcels" a limited title has a deficiency related to the
definition of the boundaries of the land. Existing surveys are not sufficient to guarantee
the position of those boundaries or the area of the land concerned
- What is the hierarchy of evidence? - Answer-The hierarchy of evidence is an important
tool in the surveyor's toolbox and it should be applied whenever a boundary is being
defined.
The hierarchy of evidence is:
1. Natural Boundaries
2. Original, Undisputed Monuments
3. Occupation (old and undisputed)
4. Abuttals (the description of a land parcel by reference to what it abuts or adjoins)
5. Measurements (mathematical evidence of position)
- In what legislation is the hierarchy of evidence listed? - Answer-None. While the
hierarchy is not enshrined in legislation, the legitimacy of its use has been confirmed by
case law. Just as importantly, case law has confirmed that the hierarchy should not be
rigidly applied.
- What is a residue parcel and who owns it? - Answer-residue parcel means the residual
portion of a primary parcel—
(a)that remains as a result of a survey—
(i)for removal of limitations as to parcels; or
(ii)for an adverse possession claim; or
(iii)to change the registration of land from the Deeds Registration Act 1908 to the Land
Transfer Act 2017; or
(b)that—
