Question: What is the primary cause of hyperglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Insulin deficiency
C) Excessive carbohydrate intake
D) Increased glucagon secretion
Correct Answer: B) Insulin deficiency
Explanation: In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the body’s immune system attacks and destroys insulin-
producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an insulin deficiency. Without sufficient insulin,
glucose cannot enter the cells and remains in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycemia.
2.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?
A) Peripheral edema
B) Jugular venous distention
C) Pulmonary congestion
D) Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C) Pulmonary congestion
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure results in the inability of the left ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the lungs. This causes pulmonary congestion, which
manifests as symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, and crackles on auscultation.
3.0
Question: In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), what structural change occurs in the
airways?
A) Airway dilation
B) Airway narrowing
C) Increased mucus production
D) Loss of elastic recoil
Correct Answer: D) Loss of elastic recoil
Explanation: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation that leads to structural changes in the
airways, including the loss of elastic recoil. This makes it difficult for the lungs to expel air, resulting
in airflow limitation and difficulty breathing.
4.0
Question: Which stage of inflammation involves the migration of white blood cells to the site of
injury?
A) Vascular stage
B) Cellular stage
C) Tissue repair stage
, D) Hemostasis stage
Correct Answer: B) Cellular stage
Explanation: The cellular stage of inflammation involves the migration of white blood cells
(leukocytes) to the site of injury or infection. These cells help to eliminate pathogens and begin the
process of tissue repair.
5.0
Question: What is a common complication of untreated hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
C) Hypertension
D) Hyperthyroidism
Correct Answer: B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
Explanation: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of untreated hyperglycemia,
particularly in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. It occurs when the body starts breaking down fats for energy
due to the lack of insulin, leading to the production of ketones, which can cause the blood to become
acidic.
6.0
Question: What is the primary function of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
A) To destroy pathogens directly
B) To regulate the immune response
C) To repair damaged tissue
D) To produce antibodies
Correct Answer: B) To regulate the immune response
Explanation: Cytokines are signaling proteins released by cells, particularly immune cells, that help
regulate the immune response by promoting inflammation, attracting immune cells to the site of
infection or injury, and facilitating communication between cells.
7.0
Question: Which of the following is a hallmark sign of chronic inflammation?
A) Redness and heat
B) Swelling and pain
C) Granuloma formation
D) Fever and chills
Correct Answer: C) Granuloma formation
Explanation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the formation of granulomas, which are small areas
of inflammation containing macrophages and other immune cells. Granulomas form when the
immune system attempts to wall off substances it perceives as foreign but cannot eliminate.
, 8.0
Question: What is the primary cause of fluid overload in heart failure?
A) Increased sodium intake
B) Decreased renal perfusion
C) Excessive fluid intake
D) Increased cardiac output
Correct Answer: B) Decreased renal perfusion
Explanation: In heart failure, decreased cardiac output leads to reduced renal perfusion. This
triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), causing sodium and water retention,
which contributes to fluid overload.
9.0
Question: Which of the following is a common complication of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)?
A) Pulmonary embolism
B) Pneumothorax
C) Cor pulmonale
D) Asthma
Correct Answer: C) Cor pulmonale
Explanation: Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right side of the heart fails due to increased
resistance in the pulmonary arteries, often caused by chronic lung diseases like COPD. This leads to
right ventricular hypertrophy and eventually heart failure.
10.0
Question: What is the primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus?
A) To prevent hypoglycemia
B) To manage hyperglycemia
C) To reduce insulin resistance
D) To promote weight loss
Correct Answer: B) To manage hyperglycemia
Explanation: The primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus is to
manage hyperglycemia by monitoring blood glucose levels, administering insulin or other
medications as prescribed, and educating patients on diet and lifestyle modifications to maintain
optimal blood sugar control.
11.0
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of acute inflammation?
A) Granuloma formation
B) Fibrosis
, C) Exudate production
D) Tissue necrosis
Correct Answer: C) Exudate production
Explanation: Acute inflammation is characterized by the production of exudate, which is a fluid rich
in proteins and cellular debris that leaks out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. This helps
to dilute toxins and bring immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
12.0
Question: In the context of heart failure, what does the term “afterload” refer to?
A) The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
B) The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
C) The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per minute
D) The pressure in the right atrium during ventricular contraction
Correct Answer: B) The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
Explanation: Afterload refers to the resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
through the systemic circulation. Increased afterload can make it more difficult for the heart to pump
blood, contributing to heart failure.
13.0
Question: What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in asthma?
A) Loss of elastic recoil
B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
C) Increased mucus production
D) Structural changes in the airways
Correct Answer: B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Explanation: Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, which lead
to narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing. These changes are often triggered by allergens,
irritants, or other stimuli.
14.0
Question: Which of the following is a common sign of right-sided heart failure?
A) Pulmonary congestion
B) Peripheral edema
C) Orthopnea
D) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Correct Answer: B) Peripheral edema
Explanation: Right-sided heart failure results in the inability of the right ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the systemic circulation. This causes peripheral edema,
particularly in the lower extremities.
, 15.0
Question: What is the role of macrophages in the inflammatory response?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To phagocytize pathogens and debris
C) To release histamine
D) To form blood clots
Correct Answer: B) To phagocytize pathogens and debris
Explanation: Macrophages are immune cells that play a crucial role in the inflammatory response
by phagocytizing (engulfing and digesting) pathogens, dead cells, and debris. They also release
cytokines that help regulate the immune response.
16.0
Question: What is the primary mechanism of action for beta-blockers in the treatment of heart
failure?
A) Increasing heart rate
B) Reducing blood pressure
C) Decreasing myocardial oxygen demand
D) Enhancing cardiac contractility
Correct Answer: C) Decreasing myocardial oxygen demand
Explanation: Beta-blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart, which reduces
heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand. This helps to improve symptoms and outcomes in
patients with heart failure.
17.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A) Bradycardia
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Kussmaul respirations
D) Peripheral edema
Correct Answer: C) Kussmaul respirations
Explanation: Kussmaul respirations are deep, rapid breathing patterns that occur as the body
attempts to compensate for metabolic acidosis by expelling more carbon dioxide. This is a common
symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
18.0
Question: What is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis in COPD?
A) Genetic predisposition
B) Long-term exposure to irritants
C) Acute respiratory infections
, D) Autoimmune response
Correct Answer: B) Long-term exposure to irritants
Explanation: Chronic bronchitis, a form of COPD, is primarily caused by long-term exposure to
irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational dusts and chemicals. These irritants
lead to chronic inflammation and mucus production in the airways.
19.0
Question: Which of the following is a key feature of the vascular stage of inflammation?
A) Leukocyte migration
B) Vasodilation and increased permeability
C) Tissue repair
D) Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: B) Vasodilation and increased permeability
Explanation: The vascular stage of inflammation is characterized by vasodilation and increased
permeability of blood vessels, which allows more blood to flow to the site of injury and facilitates the
movement of immune cells and proteins into the affected tissue.
20.0
Question: What is the primary goal of treatment for patients with heart failure?
A) To increase fluid retention
B) To reduce cardiac workload
C) To enhance myocardial oxygen demand
D) To promote weight gain
Correct Answer: B) To reduce cardiac workload
Explanation: The primary goal of treatment for patients with heart failure is to reduce the workload
on the heart. This can be achieved through medications, lifestyle changes, and other interventions
that help to decrease the heart’s demand for oxygen and improve its efficiency.
21.0
Question: Which of the following is a common cause of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes
mellitus?
A) Excessive carbohydrate intake
B) Insufficient insulin administration
C) Skipping meals
D) Sedentary lifestyle
Correct Answer: C) Skipping meals
Explanation: Hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus can occur when they skip meals, as
there is insufficient glucose intake to match the insulin or other glucose-lowering medications they
are taking. This can lead to dangerously low blood sugar levels.
, 22.0
Question: What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To release histamine
C) To phagocytize pathogens
D) To form blood clots
Correct Answer: C) To phagocytize pathogens
Explanation: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the inflammatory
response by phagocytizing (engulfing and digesting) pathogens and debris. They are among the first
immune cells to arrive at the site of infection or injury.
23.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of right-sided heart failure?
A) Pulmonary congestion
B) Peripheral edema
C) Orthopnea
D) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Correct Answer: B) Peripheral edema
Explanation: Right-sided heart failure results in the inability of the right ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the systemic circulation. This causes peripheral edema,
particularly in the lower extremities.
24.0
Question: What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in asthma?
A) Loss of elastic recoil
B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
C) Increased mucus production
D) Structural changes in the airways
Correct Answer: B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Explanation: Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, which lead
to narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing. These changes are often triggered by allergens,
irritants, or other stimuli.
25.0
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic inflammation?
A) Granuloma formation
B) Fibrosis
C) Exudate production
D) Tissue necrosis
, Correct Answer: A) Granuloma formation
Explanation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the formation of granulomas, which are small areas
of inflammation containing macrophages and other immune cells. Granulomas form when the
immune system attempts to wall off substances it perceives as foreign but cannot eliminate.
26.0
Question: What is the primary cause of fluid retention in patients with heart failure?
A) Increased cardiac output
B) Decreased renal perfusion
C) Excessive fluid intake
D) Increased sodium intake
Correct Answer: B) Decreased renal perfusion
Explanation: In heart failure, decreased cardiac output leads to reduced renal perfusion. This
activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), causing sodium and water retention,
which contributes to fluid overload.
27.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of hypoglycemia?
A) Polyuria
B) Polydipsia
C) Diaphoresis
D) Weight gain
Correct Answer: C) Diaphoresis
Explanation: Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, often presents with symptoms such as diaphoresis
(excessive sweating), shakiness, confusion, and palpitations. These symptoms result from the
body’s response to low glucose levels.
28.0
Question: What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To release histamine
C) To combat parasitic infections
D) To form blood clots
Correct Answer: C) To combat parasitic infections
Explanation: Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune response
against parasitic infections. They also contribute to allergic reactions and asthma by releasing
inflammatory mediators.
29.0
, Question: Which of the following is a common complication of untreated hypertension?
A) Hypotension
B) Stroke
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Asthma
Correct Answer: B) Stroke
Explanation: Untreated hypertension can lead to several serious complications, including stroke,
heart attack, and kidney damage. High blood pressure damages blood vessels, increasing the risk of
these conditions.
30.0
Question: What is the primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with COPD?
A) To increase oxygen consumption
B) To reduce airway inflammation
C) To promote weight gain
D) To enhance cardiac output
Correct Answer: B) To reduce airway inflammation
Explanation: The primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with COPD is to reduce airway
inflammation and improve airflow. This can be achieved through medications, breathing exercises,
and lifestyle modifications.
31.0
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of acute inflammation?
A) Granuloma formation
B) Fibrosis
C) Exudate production
D) Tissue necrosis
Correct Answer: C) Exudate production
Explanation: Acute inflammation is characterized by the production of exudate, which is a fluid rich
in proteins and cellular debris that leaks out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. This helps
to dilute toxins and bring immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
32.0
Question: What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis?
A) Loss of elastic recoil
B) Airway inflammation and mucus production
C) Increased airway resistance
D) Structural changes in the airways
Correct Answer: B) Airway inflammation and mucus production
, Explanation: Chronic bronchitis, a form of COPD, is characterized by chronic inflammation and
excessive mucus production in the airways, leading to obstruction and difficulty breathing.
33.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?
A) Peripheral edema
B) Jugular venous distention
C) Pulmonary congestion
D) Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C) Pulmonary congestion
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure results in the inability of the left ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the lungs. This causes pulmonary congestion, which
manifests as symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, and crackles on auscultation.
34.0
Question: What is the primary function of T lymphocytes in the immune response?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To phagocytize pathogens
C) To regulate the immune response
D) To release histamine
Correct Answer: C) To regulate the immune response
Explanation: T lymphocytes, or T cells, play a crucial role in regulating the immune response. They
help to identify and destroy infected cells, coordinate the activity of other immune cells, and produce
cytokines that modulate the immune response.
35.0
Question: Which of the following is a common cause of hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes
mellitus?
A) Excessive insulin administration
B) Insufficient carbohydrate intake
C) Increased physical activity
D) Insulin resistance
Correct Answer: D) Insulin resistance
Explanation: In patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hyperglycemia is often caused by insulin
resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This leads to elevated blood
glucose levels despite the presence of insulin.
36.0
Question: What is the primary cause of myocardial infarction?
A) Insulin resistance
B) Insulin deficiency
C) Excessive carbohydrate intake
D) Increased glucagon secretion
Correct Answer: B) Insulin deficiency
Explanation: In Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus, the body’s immune system attacks and destroys insulin-
producing beta cells in the pancreas, leading to an insulin deficiency. Without sufficient insulin,
glucose cannot enter the cells and remains in the bloodstream, causing hyperglycemia.
2.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?
A) Peripheral edema
B) Jugular venous distention
C) Pulmonary congestion
D) Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C) Pulmonary congestion
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure results in the inability of the left ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the lungs. This causes pulmonary congestion, which
manifests as symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, and crackles on auscultation.
3.0
Question: In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), what structural change occurs in the
airways?
A) Airway dilation
B) Airway narrowing
C) Increased mucus production
D) Loss of elastic recoil
Correct Answer: D) Loss of elastic recoil
Explanation: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation that leads to structural changes in the
airways, including the loss of elastic recoil. This makes it difficult for the lungs to expel air, resulting
in airflow limitation and difficulty breathing.
4.0
Question: Which stage of inflammation involves the migration of white blood cells to the site of
injury?
A) Vascular stage
B) Cellular stage
C) Tissue repair stage
, D) Hemostasis stage
Correct Answer: B) Cellular stage
Explanation: The cellular stage of inflammation involves the migration of white blood cells
(leukocytes) to the site of injury or infection. These cells help to eliminate pathogens and begin the
process of tissue repair.
5.0
Question: What is a common complication of untreated hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus?
A) Hypoglycemia
B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
C) Hypertension
D) Hyperthyroidism
Correct Answer: B) Diabetic ketoacidosis
Explanation: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of untreated hyperglycemia,
particularly in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. It occurs when the body starts breaking down fats for energy
due to the lack of insulin, leading to the production of ketones, which can cause the blood to become
acidic.
6.0
Question: What is the primary function of cytokines in the inflammatory response?
A) To destroy pathogens directly
B) To regulate the immune response
C) To repair damaged tissue
D) To produce antibodies
Correct Answer: B) To regulate the immune response
Explanation: Cytokines are signaling proteins released by cells, particularly immune cells, that help
regulate the immune response by promoting inflammation, attracting immune cells to the site of
infection or injury, and facilitating communication between cells.
7.0
Question: Which of the following is a hallmark sign of chronic inflammation?
A) Redness and heat
B) Swelling and pain
C) Granuloma formation
D) Fever and chills
Correct Answer: C) Granuloma formation
Explanation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the formation of granulomas, which are small areas
of inflammation containing macrophages and other immune cells. Granulomas form when the
immune system attempts to wall off substances it perceives as foreign but cannot eliminate.
, 8.0
Question: What is the primary cause of fluid overload in heart failure?
A) Increased sodium intake
B) Decreased renal perfusion
C) Excessive fluid intake
D) Increased cardiac output
Correct Answer: B) Decreased renal perfusion
Explanation: In heart failure, decreased cardiac output leads to reduced renal perfusion. This
triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), causing sodium and water retention,
which contributes to fluid overload.
9.0
Question: Which of the following is a common complication of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
Disease (COPD)?
A) Pulmonary embolism
B) Pneumothorax
C) Cor pulmonale
D) Asthma
Correct Answer: C) Cor pulmonale
Explanation: Cor pulmonale is a condition where the right side of the heart fails due to increased
resistance in the pulmonary arteries, often caused by chronic lung diseases like COPD. This leads to
right ventricular hypertrophy and eventually heart failure.
10.0
Question: What is the primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus?
A) To prevent hypoglycemia
B) To manage hyperglycemia
C) To reduce insulin resistance
D) To promote weight loss
Correct Answer: B) To manage hyperglycemia
Explanation: The primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with diabetes mellitus is to
manage hyperglycemia by monitoring blood glucose levels, administering insulin or other
medications as prescribed, and educating patients on diet and lifestyle modifications to maintain
optimal blood sugar control.
11.0
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of acute inflammation?
A) Granuloma formation
B) Fibrosis
, C) Exudate production
D) Tissue necrosis
Correct Answer: C) Exudate production
Explanation: Acute inflammation is characterized by the production of exudate, which is a fluid rich
in proteins and cellular debris that leaks out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. This helps
to dilute toxins and bring immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
12.0
Question: In the context of heart failure, what does the term “afterload” refer to?
A) The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
B) The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
C) The amount of blood ejected by the left ventricle per minute
D) The pressure in the right atrium during ventricular contraction
Correct Answer: B) The resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
Explanation: Afterload refers to the resistance the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood
through the systemic circulation. Increased afterload can make it more difficult for the heart to pump
blood, contributing to heart failure.
13.0
Question: What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in asthma?
A) Loss of elastic recoil
B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
C) Increased mucus production
D) Structural changes in the airways
Correct Answer: B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Explanation: Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, which lead
to narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing. These changes are often triggered by allergens,
irritants, or other stimuli.
14.0
Question: Which of the following is a common sign of right-sided heart failure?
A) Pulmonary congestion
B) Peripheral edema
C) Orthopnea
D) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Correct Answer: B) Peripheral edema
Explanation: Right-sided heart failure results in the inability of the right ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the systemic circulation. This causes peripheral edema,
particularly in the lower extremities.
, 15.0
Question: What is the role of macrophages in the inflammatory response?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To phagocytize pathogens and debris
C) To release histamine
D) To form blood clots
Correct Answer: B) To phagocytize pathogens and debris
Explanation: Macrophages are immune cells that play a crucial role in the inflammatory response
by phagocytizing (engulfing and digesting) pathogens, dead cells, and debris. They also release
cytokines that help regulate the immune response.
16.0
Question: What is the primary mechanism of action for beta-blockers in the treatment of heart
failure?
A) Increasing heart rate
B) Reducing blood pressure
C) Decreasing myocardial oxygen demand
D) Enhancing cardiac contractility
Correct Answer: C) Decreasing myocardial oxygen demand
Explanation: Beta-blockers work by blocking the effects of adrenaline on the heart, which reduces
heart rate and myocardial oxygen demand. This helps to improve symptoms and outcomes in
patients with heart failure.
17.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A) Bradycardia
B) Hypoglycemia
C) Kussmaul respirations
D) Peripheral edema
Correct Answer: C) Kussmaul respirations
Explanation: Kussmaul respirations are deep, rapid breathing patterns that occur as the body
attempts to compensate for metabolic acidosis by expelling more carbon dioxide. This is a common
symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA).
18.0
Question: What is the primary cause of chronic bronchitis in COPD?
A) Genetic predisposition
B) Long-term exposure to irritants
C) Acute respiratory infections
, D) Autoimmune response
Correct Answer: B) Long-term exposure to irritants
Explanation: Chronic bronchitis, a form of COPD, is primarily caused by long-term exposure to
irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, and occupational dusts and chemicals. These irritants
lead to chronic inflammation and mucus production in the airways.
19.0
Question: Which of the following is a key feature of the vascular stage of inflammation?
A) Leukocyte migration
B) Vasodilation and increased permeability
C) Tissue repair
D) Phagocytosis
Correct Answer: B) Vasodilation and increased permeability
Explanation: The vascular stage of inflammation is characterized by vasodilation and increased
permeability of blood vessels, which allows more blood to flow to the site of injury and facilitates the
movement of immune cells and proteins into the affected tissue.
20.0
Question: What is the primary goal of treatment for patients with heart failure?
A) To increase fluid retention
B) To reduce cardiac workload
C) To enhance myocardial oxygen demand
D) To promote weight gain
Correct Answer: B) To reduce cardiac workload
Explanation: The primary goal of treatment for patients with heart failure is to reduce the workload
on the heart. This can be achieved through medications, lifestyle changes, and other interventions
that help to decrease the heart’s demand for oxygen and improve its efficiency.
21.0
Question: Which of the following is a common cause of hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes
mellitus?
A) Excessive carbohydrate intake
B) Insufficient insulin administration
C) Skipping meals
D) Sedentary lifestyle
Correct Answer: C) Skipping meals
Explanation: Hypoglycemia in patients with diabetes mellitus can occur when they skip meals, as
there is insufficient glucose intake to match the insulin or other glucose-lowering medications they
are taking. This can lead to dangerously low blood sugar levels.
, 22.0
Question: What is the primary function of neutrophils in the inflammatory response?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To release histamine
C) To phagocytize pathogens
D) To form blood clots
Correct Answer: C) To phagocytize pathogens
Explanation: Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the inflammatory
response by phagocytizing (engulfing and digesting) pathogens and debris. They are among the first
immune cells to arrive at the site of infection or injury.
23.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of right-sided heart failure?
A) Pulmonary congestion
B) Peripheral edema
C) Orthopnea
D) Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
Correct Answer: B) Peripheral edema
Explanation: Right-sided heart failure results in the inability of the right ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the systemic circulation. This causes peripheral edema,
particularly in the lower extremities.
24.0
Question: What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in asthma?
A) Loss of elastic recoil
B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
C) Increased mucus production
D) Structural changes in the airways
Correct Answer: B) Airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction
Explanation: Asthma is characterized by airway inflammation and bronchoconstriction, which lead
to narrowing of the airways and difficulty breathing. These changes are often triggered by allergens,
irritants, or other stimuli.
25.0
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic inflammation?
A) Granuloma formation
B) Fibrosis
C) Exudate production
D) Tissue necrosis
, Correct Answer: A) Granuloma formation
Explanation: Chronic inflammation can lead to the formation of granulomas, which are small areas
of inflammation containing macrophages and other immune cells. Granulomas form when the
immune system attempts to wall off substances it perceives as foreign but cannot eliminate.
26.0
Question: What is the primary cause of fluid retention in patients with heart failure?
A) Increased cardiac output
B) Decreased renal perfusion
C) Excessive fluid intake
D) Increased sodium intake
Correct Answer: B) Decreased renal perfusion
Explanation: In heart failure, decreased cardiac output leads to reduced renal perfusion. This
activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), causing sodium and water retention,
which contributes to fluid overload.
27.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of hypoglycemia?
A) Polyuria
B) Polydipsia
C) Diaphoresis
D) Weight gain
Correct Answer: C) Diaphoresis
Explanation: Hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, often presents with symptoms such as diaphoresis
(excessive sweating), shakiness, confusion, and palpitations. These symptoms result from the
body’s response to low glucose levels.
28.0
Question: What is the primary function of eosinophils in the immune response?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To release histamine
C) To combat parasitic infections
D) To form blood clots
Correct Answer: C) To combat parasitic infections
Explanation: Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell that play a key role in the immune response
against parasitic infections. They also contribute to allergic reactions and asthma by releasing
inflammatory mediators.
29.0
, Question: Which of the following is a common complication of untreated hypertension?
A) Hypotension
B) Stroke
C) Hyperglycemia
D) Asthma
Correct Answer: B) Stroke
Explanation: Untreated hypertension can lead to several serious complications, including stroke,
heart attack, and kidney damage. High blood pressure damages blood vessels, increasing the risk of
these conditions.
30.0
Question: What is the primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with COPD?
A) To increase oxygen consumption
B) To reduce airway inflammation
C) To promote weight gain
D) To enhance cardiac output
Correct Answer: B) To reduce airway inflammation
Explanation: The primary goal of nursing interventions for patients with COPD is to reduce airway
inflammation and improve airflow. This can be achieved through medications, breathing exercises,
and lifestyle modifications.
31.0
Question: Which of the following is a characteristic feature of acute inflammation?
A) Granuloma formation
B) Fibrosis
C) Exudate production
D) Tissue necrosis
Correct Answer: C) Exudate production
Explanation: Acute inflammation is characterized by the production of exudate, which is a fluid rich
in proteins and cellular debris that leaks out of blood vessels into the surrounding tissues. This helps
to dilute toxins and bring immune cells to the site of injury or infection.
32.0
Question: What is the primary cause of airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis?
A) Loss of elastic recoil
B) Airway inflammation and mucus production
C) Increased airway resistance
D) Structural changes in the airways
Correct Answer: B) Airway inflammation and mucus production
, Explanation: Chronic bronchitis, a form of COPD, is characterized by chronic inflammation and
excessive mucus production in the airways, leading to obstruction and difficulty breathing.
33.0
Question: Which of the following is a common symptom of left-sided heart failure?
A) Peripheral edema
B) Jugular venous distention
C) Pulmonary congestion
D) Hepatomegaly
Correct Answer: C) Pulmonary congestion
Explanation: Left-sided heart failure results in the inability of the left ventricle to pump blood
effectively, leading to a backup of blood in the lungs. This causes pulmonary congestion, which
manifests as symptoms like shortness of breath, cough, and crackles on auscultation.
34.0
Question: What is the primary function of T lymphocytes in the immune response?
A) To produce antibodies
B) To phagocytize pathogens
C) To regulate the immune response
D) To release histamine
Correct Answer: C) To regulate the immune response
Explanation: T lymphocytes, or T cells, play a crucial role in regulating the immune response. They
help to identify and destroy infected cells, coordinate the activity of other immune cells, and produce
cytokines that modulate the immune response.
35.0
Question: Which of the following is a common cause of hyperglycemia in patients with diabetes
mellitus?
A) Excessive insulin administration
B) Insufficient carbohydrate intake
C) Increased physical activity
D) Insulin resistance
Correct Answer: D) Insulin resistance
Explanation: In patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, hyperglycemia is often caused by insulin
resistance, where the body’s cells do not respond effectively to insulin. This leads to elevated blood
glucose levels despite the presence of insulin.
36.0
Question: What is the primary cause of myocardial infarction?
