ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FINAL EXAM CH. 1-16 WELL
EXPLAINED #15
Compound - correct answer Substance composed of two or more different elements,
the atoms of which are chemically united.
Medulla - correct answer Central portion of certain organs.
Neutral fats - correct answer Consist of fatty acid chains and glycerol; also called
triglycerides or triacylglycerols. Commonly known as oils when liquid.
Adduct - correct answer to move toward the midline of the body.
Decomposition reaction - correct answer Chemical reaction in which a molecule is
broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
Enzyme - correct answer A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a
chemical reaction.
Sulcus - correct answer A furrow on the brain, less deep than a fissure.
Testosterone - correct answer Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during
puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production.
Trabecula - correct answer 1) Any of the fibrous bands extending from the capsule into
the interior of an organ; 2) Strut or thin plate of bone in spongy bone.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) - correct answer Nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases
A, G,C and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis.
Merocrine glands - correct answer Glands that produce secretions intermittently;
secretions do not accumulate in the gland.
Fluid mosaic model - correct answer A depiction of the structure of the membranes of a
cell as phospholipid bilayers in which proteins are dispersed.
Excretion - correct answer Elimination of waste products from the body.
Concentration gradient - correct answer The difference in the concentration of a
particular substance between two different areas.
Interstital fluid (IF) - correct answer Fluid between the cells
Threshold stimulus - correct answer Weakest stimulus capable of producing a response
in an irritable tissue
,Cytosine (C) - correct answer Nitrogen-containing base that is part of a nucleotide
structure.
Facilitated diffusion - correct answer Passive transport process used by certain large or
charged molecules (e.g., glucose, Na1) that are unable to pass through the plasma
membrane unaided. Involves movement through channels or movement facilitated by a
membrane carrier.
Cardiovascular system - correct answer Organ system that distributes the blood to
deliver nutrients and remove wastes.
Hernia - correct answer Abnormal protrusion of an organ or a body part through the
containing wall of its cavity.
Substrate - correct answer A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical
action to proceed.
Osteon - correct answer System of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure
of adult compact bone; unit of bone; also called Haversian system.
Filtration - correct answer Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a
membrane or filter.
Fulcrum - correct answer The fixed point on which a lever moves when a force is
applied.
Infundibulum - correct answer 1) a stalk of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the
hypothalamus; 2) the distal end of the uterine (fallopian) tube.
Neuromuscular junction - correct answer Region where a motor neuron comes into
close contact with a skeletal muscle cell
Anion - correct answer An ion carrying one or more negative charges and therefore
attracted to a positive pole.
Endosteum - correct answer Connective tissue membrane covering internal bone
surfaces.
Axolemma - correct answer The plasma membrane of an axon.
Autolysis - correct answer Process of autodigestion (self-digestion) of cells, especially
dead or degenerate cells.
Anaerobic - correct answer Not requiring oxygen.
,Macromolecules - correct answer Large, complex molecules containing from 100 to
over 10,000 subunits.
Microglial cells - correct answer A type of CNS supporting cell; can transform into
phagocytes in areas of neural damage or inflammation
Summation - correct answer Accumulation of effects, especially those of muscular,
sensory or mental stimuli.
Valence shell - correct answer Outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that
contains electrons.
Triglycerides - correct answer Fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol; are
the body's most concentrated source of energy fuel; also known as neutral fats.
Digestive system - correct answer System that processes food into absorbable units
and eliminated indigestible wastes.
Adrenal glands - correct answer Hormone-producing glands located superior to the
kidneys; each consists of medulla and cortex areas.
Uracil (U) - correct answer A smaller, single-ring base (a pyrimidine) found in RNA.
Cardiac muscle - correct answer Specialized muscle of the heart.
Prophase - correct answer The first stage of mitosis, consisting of coiling of the
chromosomes accompanied by migration of the two daughter centrioles toward the
poles of the cell, and nuclear membrane breakdown.
Blood-brain barrier - correct answer Mechanism that inhibits passage of materials from
the blood into brain tissues; reflects relative impermeability of brain capillaries.
Myofibril - correct answer Rodlike bundle of contractile filaments (myofilaments) found in
muscle fibers (cells)
Sphincter - correct answer A circular muscle surrounding an opening; acts as a valve.
Carotene - correct answer Yellow to orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum
corneum epidermal layer and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis.
Cytoplasm - correct answer The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed
by the plasma membrane.
Hydroxyl ion (OH-) - correct answer An ion liberated when a hydroxide (a common
inorganic base) is dissolved in water.
, Renin - correct answer Enzyme released by the kidneys that raises blood pressure by
initiating the reninangiotensis-aldosterone mechanism.
G protein - correct answer Protein that relays signals between extracellular first
messengers (hormones or neurotransmitters) and intracellular second messengers
(such as cyclic AMP) via an effector enzyme.
Lumbar - correct answer Portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis.
Glycolipid - correct answer A lipid with one or more covalently attached sugars.
Visceral serosa - correct answer The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the
outer surfaces of organs within the ventral body cavity.
Colloid - correct answer (1) a mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do
not settle out readily. (2) Substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobulin protein.
Hyperalgesia - correct answer Pain amplification
Osmosis - correct answer Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute
solution to a more concentrated one.
Superficial - correct answer Located close to or on the body surface.
Mass number - correct answer Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.
Areolar connective tissue - correct answer A type of loose connective tissue.
Motor unit - correct answer A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates.
Endothelium - correct answer Single layer of simple squamous cells that line the walls
of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
Meatus - correct answer External opening of a canal.
Paracrine - correct answer A chemical messenger that acts locally within the same
tissue and is rapidly destroyed. Examples are prostaglandins and nitric oxide.
Energy - correct answer The capacity to do work; may be stored (potential energy) or in
action (kinetic energy)
Ion - correct answer Atom with a positive or negative electric charge.
Retina - correct answer Neural layer of the eyeball; contains photoreceptors (rods,
cones)
EXPLAINED #15
Compound - correct answer Substance composed of two or more different elements,
the atoms of which are chemically united.
Medulla - correct answer Central portion of certain organs.
Neutral fats - correct answer Consist of fatty acid chains and glycerol; also called
triglycerides or triacylglycerols. Commonly known as oils when liquid.
Adduct - correct answer to move toward the midline of the body.
Decomposition reaction - correct answer Chemical reaction in which a molecule is
broken down into smaller molecules or its constituent atoms
Enzyme - correct answer A protein that acts as a biological catalyst to speed up a
chemical reaction.
Sulcus - correct answer A furrow on the brain, less deep than a fissure.
Testosterone - correct answer Male sex hormone produced by the testes; during
puberty promotes virilization, and is necessary for normal sperm production.
Trabecula - correct answer 1) Any of the fibrous bands extending from the capsule into
the interior of an organ; 2) Strut or thin plate of bone in spongy bone.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) - correct answer Nucleic acid that contains ribose and the bases
A, G,C and U. Carries out DNA's instructions for protein synthesis.
Merocrine glands - correct answer Glands that produce secretions intermittently;
secretions do not accumulate in the gland.
Fluid mosaic model - correct answer A depiction of the structure of the membranes of a
cell as phospholipid bilayers in which proteins are dispersed.
Excretion - correct answer Elimination of waste products from the body.
Concentration gradient - correct answer The difference in the concentration of a
particular substance between two different areas.
Interstital fluid (IF) - correct answer Fluid between the cells
Threshold stimulus - correct answer Weakest stimulus capable of producing a response
in an irritable tissue
,Cytosine (C) - correct answer Nitrogen-containing base that is part of a nucleotide
structure.
Facilitated diffusion - correct answer Passive transport process used by certain large or
charged molecules (e.g., glucose, Na1) that are unable to pass through the plasma
membrane unaided. Involves movement through channels or movement facilitated by a
membrane carrier.
Cardiovascular system - correct answer Organ system that distributes the blood to
deliver nutrients and remove wastes.
Hernia - correct answer Abnormal protrusion of an organ or a body part through the
containing wall of its cavity.
Substrate - correct answer A reactant on which an enzyme acts to cause a chemical
action to proceed.
Osteon - correct answer System of interconnecting canals in the microscopic structure
of adult compact bone; unit of bone; also called Haversian system.
Filtration - correct answer Passage of a solvent and dissolved substances through a
membrane or filter.
Fulcrum - correct answer The fixed point on which a lever moves when a force is
applied.
Infundibulum - correct answer 1) a stalk of tissue that connects the pituitary gland to the
hypothalamus; 2) the distal end of the uterine (fallopian) tube.
Neuromuscular junction - correct answer Region where a motor neuron comes into
close contact with a skeletal muscle cell
Anion - correct answer An ion carrying one or more negative charges and therefore
attracted to a positive pole.
Endosteum - correct answer Connective tissue membrane covering internal bone
surfaces.
Axolemma - correct answer The plasma membrane of an axon.
Autolysis - correct answer Process of autodigestion (self-digestion) of cells, especially
dead or degenerate cells.
Anaerobic - correct answer Not requiring oxygen.
,Macromolecules - correct answer Large, complex molecules containing from 100 to
over 10,000 subunits.
Microglial cells - correct answer A type of CNS supporting cell; can transform into
phagocytes in areas of neural damage or inflammation
Summation - correct answer Accumulation of effects, especially those of muscular,
sensory or mental stimuli.
Valence shell - correct answer Outermost electron shell (energy level) of an atom that
contains electrons.
Triglycerides - correct answer Fats and oils composed of fatty acids and glycerol; are
the body's most concentrated source of energy fuel; also known as neutral fats.
Digestive system - correct answer System that processes food into absorbable units
and eliminated indigestible wastes.
Adrenal glands - correct answer Hormone-producing glands located superior to the
kidneys; each consists of medulla and cortex areas.
Uracil (U) - correct answer A smaller, single-ring base (a pyrimidine) found in RNA.
Cardiac muscle - correct answer Specialized muscle of the heart.
Prophase - correct answer The first stage of mitosis, consisting of coiling of the
chromosomes accompanied by migration of the two daughter centrioles toward the
poles of the cell, and nuclear membrane breakdown.
Blood-brain barrier - correct answer Mechanism that inhibits passage of materials from
the blood into brain tissues; reflects relative impermeability of brain capillaries.
Myofibril - correct answer Rodlike bundle of contractile filaments (myofilaments) found in
muscle fibers (cells)
Sphincter - correct answer A circular muscle surrounding an opening; acts as a valve.
Carotene - correct answer Yellow to orange pigment that accumulates in the stratum
corneum epidermal layer and in fatty tissue of the hypodermis.
Cytoplasm - correct answer The cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed
by the plasma membrane.
Hydroxyl ion (OH-) - correct answer An ion liberated when a hydroxide (a common
inorganic base) is dissolved in water.
, Renin - correct answer Enzyme released by the kidneys that raises blood pressure by
initiating the reninangiotensis-aldosterone mechanism.
G protein - correct answer Protein that relays signals between extracellular first
messengers (hormones or neurotransmitters) and intracellular second messengers
(such as cyclic AMP) via an effector enzyme.
Lumbar - correct answer Portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis.
Glycolipid - correct answer A lipid with one or more covalently attached sugars.
Visceral serosa - correct answer The part of the double-layered membrane that lines the
outer surfaces of organs within the ventral body cavity.
Colloid - correct answer (1) a mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do
not settle out readily. (2) Substance in the thyroid gland containing thyroglobulin protein.
Hyperalgesia - correct answer Pain amplification
Osmosis - correct answer Diffusion of a solvent through a membrane from a dilute
solution to a more concentrated one.
Superficial - correct answer Located close to or on the body surface.
Mass number - correct answer Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus of an atom.
Areolar connective tissue - correct answer A type of loose connective tissue.
Motor unit - correct answer A motor neuron and all the muscle cells it stimulates.
Endothelium - correct answer Single layer of simple squamous cells that line the walls
of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
Meatus - correct answer External opening of a canal.
Paracrine - correct answer A chemical messenger that acts locally within the same
tissue and is rapidly destroyed. Examples are prostaglandins and nitric oxide.
Energy - correct answer The capacity to do work; may be stored (potential energy) or in
action (kinetic energy)
Ion - correct answer Atom with a positive or negative electric charge.
Retina - correct answer Neural layer of the eyeball; contains photoreceptors (rods,
cones)
