ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1 FINAL EXAM WITH ANSWERS 2024
#2
Afferent Sensory Receptors - correct answer from interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to
CNS integration. Ex- monitor oxygen or BV stretch.
Efferent Sensory Receptors - correct answer from CNS out to effector organs (down
white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is made up of at least 2
motor neurons with a synapse.
Sympathetic - correct answer Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or
flight"
Parasympathetic - correct answer Slows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest
and Digest".
Autonomic Tone - correct answer The constant balance between the two branches
(sympathetic and para-)
Sympathetic Division - correct answer Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper
body. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
Divergent effect - correct answer One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon
collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
Cholinergic receptors - correct answer Parasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3
synapses.
Adrenergic - correct answer Sympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1
synapse.
Nicotinic - correct answer Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can
only excite (depolarize) synapses
Muscarinic - correct answer At effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can
both excite (depolarize) and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 - correct answer Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases
release of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones will be released, excitatory in
nature.
Alpha 2 and Beta 2 - correct answer Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease
release of hormones).
Beta 1 - correct answer Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
, Beta 2 - correct answer Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac
muslce BVs.
Beta 3 - correct answer Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat
-- thermogenesis.
Exocrine gland - correct answer gland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and
outside of the body.
Endocrine gland - correct answer Gland that is ductless.
Paracrine - correct answer Hormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the
blood stream.
Autocrine - correct answer Hormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
Hypothalamus - correct answer Produces releasing or inhibiting factors that travel via
blood to anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and Oxytocin that is released by the
posterior pituitary.
Pituitary (Hypophysis) - correct answer Found in the Sella Turcica of the Sphenoid
bone.
2 Capillary beds connected by a portal vein - correct answer What allows there to be a
direct route to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus. Instead of having to go all
the way through the blood system until it gets to the A. Pituitary?
Anterior Pituitary hormones - correct answer 7 hormones, called "tropic" hormones that
influence other glands.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) - correct answer Somatotrophin, stimulates secretion of
IGF. Target cells = bones, cartilage, skeletal muscle, liver. Also increases blood
glucose.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - correct answer Stimulates synthesis/ secretion of
Thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.
Prolactin (PRL) - correct answer Milk production by mammary glands.
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - correct answer Cells from Pars Intermedia.
Causes the bronzing of skin color. Controls melanin secretions.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - correct answer Stimulates adrenal cortex to
secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol). Released when stressed.
#2
Afferent Sensory Receptors - correct answer from interoceptors (chemo or mechano) to
CNS integration. Ex- monitor oxygen or BV stretch.
Efferent Sensory Receptors - correct answer from CNS out to effector organs (down
white matter motor tracts of cord). Pathway to effector organ is made up of at least 2
motor neurons with a synapse.
Sympathetic - correct answer Speeds up (excites) and consumes energy. "Fight or
flight"
Parasympathetic - correct answer Slows down (inhibits) and conserves energy. "Rest
and Digest".
Autonomic Tone - correct answer The constant balance between the two branches
(sympathetic and para-)
Sympathetic Division - correct answer Trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia - serves upper
body. Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia - serves below the diaphragm.
Divergent effect - correct answer One sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon
collaterals and may synapse with 20 or more post ganglionic neurons.
Cholinergic receptors - correct answer Parasympathetic, always releases ACH. Has 3
synapses.
Adrenergic - correct answer Sympathetic, always releases Norepinephrine. Has 1
synapse.
Nicotinic - correct answer Found at the preganglionic ganglia, always cholinergic. Can
only excite (depolarize) synapses
Muscarinic - correct answer At effector organs (postganglionic- parasympathetic). can
both excite (depolarize) and inhibit (hyperpolarize) synpases.
Alpha 1 and Beta 1 - correct answer Excitatory receptors (cx. of muscles, increases
release of hormone). Muscles will contract and hormones will be released, excitatory in
nature.
Alpha 2 and Beta 2 - correct answer Inhibitory receptors (relaxing of muscles, decrease
release of hormones).
Beta 1 - correct answer Adrenergic receptor in the heart.
, Beta 2 - correct answer Adrenergic receptor in the lungs, uterus, and skeletal/ cardiac
muslce BVs.
Beta 3 - correct answer Adrenergic receptor only active in infants for burning brown fat
-- thermogenesis.
Exocrine gland - correct answer gland that secretes into ducts -- onto body cavities and
outside of the body.
Endocrine gland - correct answer Gland that is ductless.
Paracrine - correct answer Hormone that acts on near-by cells without getting into the
blood stream.
Autocrine - correct answer Hormone that acts on the same cell that secreted it.
Hypothalamus - correct answer Produces releasing or inhibiting factors that travel via
blood to anterior pituitary. Also produces ADH and Oxytocin that is released by the
posterior pituitary.
Pituitary (Hypophysis) - correct answer Found in the Sella Turcica of the Sphenoid
bone.
2 Capillary beds connected by a portal vein - correct answer What allows there to be a
direct route to the anterior pituitary from the hypothalamus. Instead of having to go all
the way through the blood system until it gets to the A. Pituitary?
Anterior Pituitary hormones - correct answer 7 hormones, called "tropic" hormones that
influence other glands.
Human Growth Hormone (hGH) - correct answer Somatotrophin, stimulates secretion of
IGF. Target cells = bones, cartilage, skeletal muscle, liver. Also increases blood
glucose.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) - correct answer Stimulates synthesis/ secretion of
Thyroid hormones by thyroid gland.
Prolactin (PRL) - correct answer Milk production by mammary glands.
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH) - correct answer Cells from Pars Intermedia.
Causes the bronzing of skin color. Controls melanin secretions.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - correct answer Stimulates adrenal cortex to
secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol). Released when stressed.
